LATE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL IMPACT
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Prolonged uncontrolled blood glucose levels lead to significant late complications that affect multiple organ systems. These complications include microvascular damage (neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy) and macrovascular disease (coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease). This thesis explores the pathophysiological mechanisms behind these complications and their clinical consequences.
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