Ethiopian International Multidisciplinary Research Conferences
Ethiopian International Multidisciplinary Research Conferences Ethiopian International Multidisciplinary Research Conferences is an open-access international conference platform here we publish international conferences that are held by the EIMRC Group.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ULTRASOUND ELASTOGRAPHY AND LIVER BIOPSY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF LIVER FIBROSIS
Accurate assessment of liver fibrosis is essential in chronic liver diseases. Liver biopsy has traditionally been considered the reference method, while ultrasound elastography has become a widely used non-invasive alternative. The aim of this study was to compare ultrasound elastography and liver biopsy in evaluating liver fibrosis. The analysis demonstrated that elastography is safe, repeatable, and effective for detecting advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Biopsy remains valuable when detailed histological information is required. A combined diagnostic approach may improve accuracy and reduce unnecessary invasive procedures.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
THE ROLE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Oxidative stress is a key pathogenetic factor in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species contributes to insulin resistance, pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, endothelial injury, and chronic diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes and evaluate its clinical significance. The findings indicate that oxidative imbalance interacts with inflammation, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Understanding these mechanisms may support preventive and therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing diabetic complications.
ROOT, DERIVED, AND COMPOUND MEDICAL TERMS: FORMATION AND LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS
Medical terminology constitutes one of the most extensive and systematically organized terminological systems in modern science. The majority of medical terms originate from Greek and Latin and are formed through various word-formation processes. This article examines three major categories of medical terms: root terms, derived terms, and compound terms. The study analyzes their structural characteristics, formation mechanisms, and communicative functions within medical discourse. The findings demonstrate that these types of terms contribute significantly to precision, consistency, and efficiency in professional communication. Understanding the linguistic structure of medical terminology facilitates both medical education and effective scientific communication.
THE ROLE OF AI-POWERED ADAPTIVE LEARNING SYSTEMS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: EFFECTIVENESS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Contemporary science education faces a persistent structural challenge: a one-size-fits-all instructional model that fails to account for the heterogeneous prior knowledge, cognitive styles, and learning paces of individual students. This mismatch contributes to low engagement, high rates of misconception persistence, and declining achievement in disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered adaptive learning systems offer a compelling response to this challenge by dynamically personalizing instructional content, pacing, and feedback in real time. This paper reviews the design principles and empirical effectiveness of such systems within science education contexts, drawing on recent research published between 2020 and 2024. The findings indicate that adaptive platforms improve learning outcomes by an average of 15–22% compared to conventional instruction, enhance student motivation, and demonstrate notable efficacy in identifying and correcting disciplinary misconceptions. The paper also examines critical challenges, including algorithmic bias, data privacy concerns, the digital divide, and insufficient teacher preparation. It concludes with forward-looking policy recommendations and identifies productive directions for future research, including integration with virtual laboratory environments and human-AI co-teaching models.
ОЦЕНКА СТЕПЕНИ СНИЖЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ СКВАЖИН В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ СНИЖЕНИЯ ЗАБОЙНОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ НИЖЕ ДАВЛЕНИЯ НАСЫЩЕНИЯ НЕФТИ ГАЗОМ
Как было указано выше, практически во всех горно-геологических условиях месторождений на продуктивные характеристики скважин существенное влияние оказывают деформация коллектора и снижение забойного давления ниже давления насыщения нефти газом [1,2].
THE USE OF COMMON NAMES IN IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
This article examines the use of common names in idiomatic expressions, analyzes their linguistic and cultural significance, explores their origins and semantic development, and discusses their role in language learning and intercultural communication. The study highlights how personal names become lexicalized elements within phraseological units and contribute to the richness and expressiveness of language.
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE IN INTEGRATED CONTROL SYSTEMS
This article provides a scientific analysis of the risk management system in information exchange processes between various control authorities at border checkpoints. The study examines issues of ensuring data security in information exchange channels, integrating fragmented systems, and centralizing inter-agency information flows. An automatic information risk classification mechanism based on a multi-criteria assessment model, CART decision tree, and Random Forest algorithm is proposed. The research findings establish a methodological basis for transitioning to proactive management of information exchange processes at border checkpoints.
RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALARNING, SUN’IY JAMIYAT RIVOJLANISHIGA IJOBIY VA SALBIY TA’SIRI TAHLILI
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted impacts of digital technologies on the development of artificial society. It systematically examines the positive contributions, including enhanced global connectivity, accelerated economic growth, and the emergence of novel forms of social interaction and community building. Concurrently, the study addresses the significant negative implications, such as concerns regarding data privacy, the widening digital divide, the proliferation of misinformation, and the potential for algorithmic biases to reshape societal structures. The research underscores the critical importance of developing balanced strategies to maximize technological benefits while effectively mitigating associated risks. Ultimately, this paper aims to offer valuable insights for fostering a resilient, inclusive, and ethically sustainable artificial society amidst rapid digital transformation.
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS AND METHODS OF SOLVING THEM
This article analyzes trigonometric equations, their main types, and ways to solve them using algebraic and graphical methods.
JURNALISTIKADA PR TUSHUNCHASI: TARIXI, RIVOJLANISHI, BUGUNGI KUNDAGI O‘RNI, PR RANGLARI VA PR KOMPANIYALAR.
Mazkur ilmiy maqolada jurnalistikada PR (Public Relations – jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar) tushunchasining mazmun-mohiyati, tarixiy shakllanishi va rivojlanish bosqichlari ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy jurnalistikada PR texnologiyalarining ahamiyati, PR ranglari va ularning vazifalari hamda PR kompaniyalarning faoliyati yoritilgan. Maqolada ommaviy kommunikatsiya vositalarining jamiyat hayotidagi roli, axborot siyosati va media makondagi PR strategiyalariga alohida e’tibor qaratiladi.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPETENCY-BASED APPROACH IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
Abstract. The competency-based approach (CBA) to primary education represents one of the most significant paradigm shifts in twenty-first-century pedagogy. Rather than organizing schooling around the transmission of factual content, CBA structures learning around the development of transferable skills, deep understanding, and real-world application. This article examines the core advantages of implementing CBA in primary education, drawing on international comparative data, cognitive science research, and documented outcomes from countries that have successfully adopted competency frameworks. Evidence consistently demonstrates that CBA improves student engagement, deepens learning retention, promotes equity, and better prepares children for the demands of modern citizenship and employment. The article also addresses implementation challenges and provides practical recommendations for educators, school leaders, and policymakers.
DIDACTIC POSSIBILITIES OF DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING CREATIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY TEACHERS
Mazkur maqolada raqamli ta’lim muhiti tushunchasi, uning didaktik imkoniyatlari hamda bo‘lajak boshlang‘ich sinf o‘qituvchilarining kreativlik kompetensiyasini rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, raqamli texnologiyalar asosida tashkil etilgan ta’lim jarayonining interfaolligi, individuallashtirish imkoniyatlari, multimediaviylik va teskari aloqa mexanizmlari orqali ta’lim samaradorligini oshirish masalalari yoritilgan.
RIVOJLANAYOTGAN IQTISODIYOTLARDA MOLIYAVIY BARQARORLIKNI PROGNOZLASH: SUN’IY INTELLEKT ASOSIDAGI ERTA OGOHLANTIRISH TIZIMLARI
Ushbu tezis rivojlanayotgan iqtisodiyotlarda moliyaviy beqarorlikni erta aniqlashda sunʼiy intellekt (SI)ning imkoniyatlari va cheklovlarini koʻrib chiqadi. Mashinali oʻqitishga asoslangan erta ogohlantirish tizimlari rivojlangan davlatlarda inqirozlarni prognozlashni yaxshilagan boʻlsa-da, ularni rivojlanayotgan bozorlarga koʻchirish qisqa va qayta koʻrib chiqiladigan maʼlumotlar, strukturaviy uzilishlar hamda sayoz moliya bozorlari bilan cheklanadi. Biz SIning bu sharoitdagi qiymati avtomatik emas, balki shartli ekanligini taʼkidlaymiz va regulyarlashtirilgan hamda daraxtga asoslangan modellarni majburiy interpretatsiya va siyosatga yoʻnaltirilgan zarar funksiyasi bilan birlashtiruvchi qatlamli ramkani taklif etamiz. Ishning hissasi - maʼlumotlar tanqis boʻlgan sharoitda SIni makro-moliyaviy monitoringga integratsiya qilishning real va boshqaruvga asoslangan yoʻl xaritasidir.
TEACHING TECHNIQUES OF PUTTING THE BALL INTO PLAY TO YOUNG TABLE TENNIS PLAYERS AND WORKING ON ERRORS AND SHORTCOMINGS
Present article provides interesting information for young table tennis players to gain a brief theoretical understanding of how to avoid mistakes when putting the ball into play during a competition, as well as the correct sequence and execution of the serve. It offers proper recommendations and instructions to prevent negative impacts on the player's subsequent technical development at later stages, and explains the importance of the serve.
NATIONAL-CULTURAL SPECIFICITY OF MUSIC-RELATED LEXICAL UNITS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: A DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
This paper explores the national-cultural specificity of music-related lexical units in English and Uzbek using a contrastive linguistic approach. A purposive corpus of 200 terms, genres, and idioms from authoritative lexicographical sources was analyzed through diachronic and synchronic lenses. Diachronically, results show distinct evolutionary paths: the English musical lexicon absorbed Greco-Roman and Italian influences, reflecting Eurocentric classical traditions, while the Uzbek lexicon is rooted in Chagatay, Arabic, and Persian layers, shaped by the Maqom tradition and folklore. Synchronically, the study identifies significant cultural non-equivalence; Uzbek terms like tanbur, gijjak, and shashmaqom encode unique spiritual-philosophical concepts (realia), whereas English exhibits a high density of music-derived conceptual metaphors used in daily pragmatic discourse (e.g., "face the music", "play second fiddle"). The discussion concludes that despite globalization, distinct socio-cultural worldviews prevent total semantic equivalence.
BOSHLANG‘ICH SINF O‘QUVCHILARINING IJTIMOIY FAOLLIK KO‘NIKMALARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHDA XALQ IJODIYOTI NAMUNALARIDAN FOYDALANISH IMKONIYATLARI
Annotatsiya. Mazkur maqolada boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarining ijtimoiy faollik ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishda xalq ijodiyoti namunalaridan foydalanishning pedagogik imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Xalq og‘zaki ijodi namunalarining o‘quvchilarda tashabbuskorlik, mustaqil fikrlash, muloqot madaniyati hamda milliy qadriyatlarga hurmat tuyg‘ularini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ertak, maqol, topishmoq, doston va boshqa folklor janrlarining tarbiyaviy ahamiyati ochib berilgan.
DEVELOPING HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Annotation. In the era of rapid technological advancement and digital transformation, human capital has become a critical factor for economic growth and competitiveness. The digital economy requires a workforce equipped with advanced digital skills, technological literacy, adaptability, and continuous learning capabilities. This study examines the role of human capital development in the digital economy and analyzes the importance of education, professional training, innovation, and lifelong learning in preparing individuals for the evolving labor market. The paper explores the impact of digital technologies on employment patterns, workforce productivity, and skill requirements. It also highlights the challenges associated with the digital transformation process, including skill gaps, technological inequality, and the need for reskilling and upskilling initiatives. The findings suggest that effective investment in human capital enhances labor market competitiveness, supports innovation, and contributes to sustainable economic development. The study concludes that strengthening digital competencies and promoting continuous education are essential for ensuring successful adaptation to the demands of the digital economy.
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МЕТОДА ЦИФРОВОГО ДВОЙНИКА ДЛЯ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ ОСТАТОЧНОГО РЕСУРСА ЛИТИЙ-ИОННЫХ БАТАРЕЙ ВОЕННЫХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ
В статье представлен подход к прогнозированию остаточного ресурса (Remaining Useful Life, RUL) литий-ионных аккумуляторных батарей военных летательных аппаратов на основе технологии цифрового двойника. Разработана концепция цифрового двойника аккумуляторной батареи, включающего физически обоснованную модель деградации, модуль машинного обучения и механизм непрерывной параметрической идентификации в процессе эксплуатации. Предложена методика формирования обучающей выборки с использованием синтетических данных, генерируемых электрохимической моделью Доуда–Ньюмана в режимах, характерных для военной авиации. Представлена архитектура ансамблевой модели прогнозирования, объединяющей алгоритмы Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) и Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) с квантификацией неопределённости. Экспериментально подтверждено, что разработанная система обеспечивает прогнозирование RUL с погрешностью не более 4,3 % на горизонте 40 циклов при доверительном интервале 95 %. Показана возможность интеграции разработанной системы в структуру технического обслуживания авиационной техники по состоянию.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Strategic management plays a crucial role in ensuring the long-term success and competitiveness of organizations in today’s dynamic business environment. This study examines the importance of strategic management in business management by analyzing its key functions, including strategic planning, decision-making, resource allocation, and performance evaluation. In an era characterized by globalization, technological advancement, and increasing market competition, organizations must develop effective strategies to achieve sustainable growth and maintain competitive advantage. The paper explores how strategic management helps businesses identify opportunities and threats in the external environment while effectively utilizing internal strengths and minimizing weaknesses. The findings indicate that organizations that implement well-structured strategic management practices are more likely to achieve higher efficiency, adaptability, and long-term profitability. The study concludes that strategic management is an essential tool for guiding organizational direction, improving decision-making processes, and ensuring sustainable business development.
INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE REGIONAL ECONOMY IS THE CORE FOUNDATION OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
Today, the global economy has stepped into the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). The primary driving force of this era is Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. AI is no longer merely a branch of the IT sector; rather, it has become a universal tool that drastically increases the efficiency of traditional economic sectors, optimizes resources, and automates management decisions.
GREENING THE REGIONAL ECONOMY IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE SECURITY
Today, humanity is witnessing a severe crisis of the traditional economic model based on extensive and inefficient resource utilization. Global climate change, loss of biodiversity, and the acute depletion of freshwater resources now necessitate a fundamental reconsideration of economic growth models. The concept of the "green economy," which emerged in response to these global risks, is the only alternative system that simultaneously ensures economic development, mitigates environmental hazards, and serves to promote social equity. At the regional level, this concept is not merely a matter of implementation; rather, it is a vital strategy that must be put into practice based on the specific natural-climatic conditions and resource potential of each territory.
SPIRITUAL ASPECTS OF COUNTERING TERRORISM
This article scientifically and theoretically analyzes the ideological threats posed by extremist groups operating today under terrorism, fundamentalism, and various religious disguises, as well as the role and potential of spirituality in neutralizing these threats. In addition, the article highlights the role of spiritual education in combating terrorism.
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TERMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has led to the emergence of a vast number of new terms and concepts in modern languages. As English serves as the dominant language of technological innovation, most AI-related terminology originates in English and is subsequently adopted, translated, or adapted into other languages, including Uzbek. This article examines the lexical-semantic and structural characteristics of artificial intelligence terms in English and Uzbek. The study focuses on the semantic classification, word-formation mechanisms, borrowing processes, and structural patterns of AI terminology in both languages. Through a comparative linguistic analysis, the research identifies similarities and differences in the formation and functioning of AI terms and highlights the influence of globalization and digital communication on terminological development. The findings demonstrate that while English AI terminology is characterized by a high degree of abbreviation, compounding, and derivation, Uzbek terminology often relies on transliteration, calquing, and semantic adaptation. The study contributes to the growing field of computational linguistics and terminology studies by providing insights into the linguistic representation of technological innovations across languages.
Shokirjonova Bibinurbegim Ruslonbek kizi
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This thesis examines age-related changes in the respiratory system and their physiological significance. Aging is accompanied by structural and functional modifications in the lungs, respiratory muscles, airways, and thoracic cage. These changes affect pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange efficiency, and respiratory reserve capacity. Understanding the physiological mechanisms of respiratory aging is important for maintaining respiratory health and preventing chronic pulmonary diseases. The study highlights the major age-related alterations in respiratory function and their impact on overall health and quality of life.
INTEGRATION OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES INTO THE LABOR MARKET: CHALLENGES AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
The integration of persons with disabilities into the labor market remains one of the most critical socio-economic challenges in both developed and developing countries. Despite the adoption of inclusive employment policies, individuals with disabilities continuously face barriers such as limited access to education and vocational training, workplace discrimination, inadequate infrastructure, and restricted access to financial resources. Therefore, identifying effective mechanisms for labor market integration and self-employment has become a priority for policymakers and researchers. This study aims to analyze the challenges affecting the integration of persons with disabilities into the labor market and evaluate self-employment opportunities as a means to enhance their economic participation. The research is based on a qualitative and comparative analysis of international studies, policy documents, and reports from international organizations concerning disability employment and entrepreneurship.
THE CONCEPT OF SYNONYMY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LINGUISTICS
This article investigates the concept of synonymy in English and Uzbek linguistics. Synonymy is one of the most important semantic phenomena that enriches vocabulary and improves communicative effectiveness in language. The study analyzes the similarities and differences between English and Uzbek synonyms, their classifications, stylistic usage, and semantic features. Comparative analysis demonstrates that both languages possess rich synonymic resources, although they differ in structure, origin, and application. The research also highlights the role of synonymy in translation, linguistics, and language teaching.
METHODOLOGY OF FORMING MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE IN STUDENTS THROUGH UNIVERSAL LEARNING ACTIVITIES
This article discusses the effects of applying the State Education Standards in the primary grades and their further application through the modeling method. In addition, the introduction of universal motion in the method of modeling was considered.
THE PHENOMENON OF COMPOUNDING IN THE FORMATION OF HEADWEAR NAMES IN ENGLISH
Word formation is one of the most important processes contributing to the development and enrichment of vocabulary. Among the various methods of word formation, compounding occupies a significant place in English morphology. This article examines the phenomenon of compounding in the formation of headwear names in English. The study analyzes the structural and semantic characteristics of compound headwear terms, identifies common compounding patterns, and explores their role in naming traditional, modern, and specialized forms of headwear. The findings indicate that compounding is a highly productive process that enables the creation of precise and descriptive headwear terminology. The research also demonstrates that compound words often reflect the function, material, style, or user of a particular type of headwear.
UZBEK STUDENTS' DIFFICULTIES IN MASTERING FALSE EQUIVALENT WORDS IN TURKISH
This thesis examines the difficulties Uzbek students encounter in mastering Turkish false cognates. Despite phonetic and lexical similarities between Uzbek and Turkish, many words differ significantly in meaning, causing misunderstanding and communication errors. The study highlights common challenges and suggests effective teaching strategies to improve learners’ lexical competence and language proficiency.
THE ROLE OF INNOVATION MANAGEMENT TOOLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAND STRATEGY IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
In recent years, profound transformational processes in the global economy-particularly the rapid development of digital technologies, the expansion of innovative activities, and changes in consumer demands and behavior-have necessitated a fundamental reconsideration of strategic management approaches across industrial sectors, including the automotive industry. Today, the automotive sector is regarded as one of the most dynamic and competitive segments of the global economy not only in terms of production volume but also in terms of technological innovation, environmental sustainability efforts, and customer-oriented strategies. According to international data, the global automotive market reached approximately 3.5 trillion USD in 2023, and it is projected to exceed 5 trillion USD by 2030. This indicates intensifying competition and the emergence of new strategic challenges for companies operating in this sector.
INNOVATIVE METHODOLOGIES IN TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL SCHOOLS
Abstract: This article explores modern, innovative pedagogical approaches to teaching the Russian language within professional technical schools (technikums) in Uzbekistan. Given the increasing demand for specialized labor and regional integration, technical students require highly specialized communicative competencies. The author analyzes contextual difficulties in language acquisition and proposes integrated methodologies combining communicative language teaching, task-based professional learning, and digital technologies. Practical recommendations are provided for technical school educators to optimize linguistic performance and student motivation.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PEJORATIVE EXPRESSIVITY (INSULTS) IN ENGLISH AND
Abstract: This thesis investigates the sociolinguistic functions and features of pejorative expressivity—specifically, ritualistic insults and jocular abuse—within in-group communication among friends in English and Uzbek contexts. Moving beyond a simplistic view of insults as purely aggressive, this study analyzes how such language serves to construct and reinforce social solidarity, negotiate group identity, and perform rapport within the boundaries of friendship circles. Employing a comparative pragmatic framework, the thesis examines the linguistic structures, semantic domains, and contextual rules governing this usage in both languages. It argues that while the core phatic and bonding functions are universal, their linguistic realization and contextual constraints are deeply shaped by specific cultural norms, particularly regarding concepts of "face," hierarchy, and permissible humor. Data considerations include ethnographic observation, discourse analysis of mediated communication, and metapragmatic interviews.
NEGATIVE EXPRESSIVENESS IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
Abstract: Paralinguistic features, which include non-verbal vocal cues such as pitch, tone, volume, intonation, and speech rate, play a crucial role in human communication, especially in conveying emotions like anger, frustration, and contempt. These elements shape how negativity is perceived in interactions, often intensifying or softening the impact of verbal messages. This paper explores the paralinguistic aspects of negative expressiveness, focusing on how such cues function in social interactions and how they contribute to the interpretation of negative emotions. Drawing from sociolinguistic research, this study examines the underlying mechanisms of paralinguistic communication, its cultural variations, and the gendered dimensions of negative expressiveness. Ultimately, it argues that paralinguistic elements are essential to understanding how negative emotions are communicated and interpreted across different social contexts.
DESIGNING AN ADAPTIVE RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM IN EDUCATION BASED ON KNOWLEDGE GRAPHS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Abstract: Modern educational paradigms are rapidly shifting toward personalization, requiring systems that dynamically adapt to the unique learning paces, knowledge gaps, and backgrounds of individual students. Traditional recommendation systems in education often suffer from data sparsity and a lack of semantic understanding regarding the relationships between different learning concepts. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for an adaptive educational recommendation system that integrates Knowledge Graphs (KGs) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. By mapping curriculum structures into a semantic graph and leveraging graph neural networks (GNNs) alongside reinforcement learning, the proposed system provides context-aware, sequential learning path recommendations. The architectural design demonstrates a significant potential to improve student engagement, optimize cognitive load, and bridge knowledge gaps effectively.
THE ROLE OF MARKET PRINCIPLES AND FREE PRICING MECHANISMS IN ENHANCING THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF UZBEKISTAN'S COTTON CLUSTERS
This paper examines the transformative role of market-oriented principles and liberalised pricing mechanisms in strengthening the economic sustainability of cotton clusters in Uzbekistan. Since the landmark agrarian reforms of 2017–2022, which abolished the Soviet-era state procurement quota system and replaced it with cluster-based contractual arrangements, Uzbekistan's cotton sector has undergone profound structural reconfiguration. Drawing on panel data from the Ministry of Agriculture of Uzbekistan, the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) for the period 2017–2024, combined with value chain analysis and institutional assessment, the study evaluates the extent to which the transition from administered pricing to competitive market-based price formation has improved cluster-level financial viability, input efficiency, export competitiveness, and farmer welfare outcomes. The findings demonstrate that clusters operating under market price signals exhibit measurably higher total factor productivity, lower unit input costs, and greater integration into global value chains compared to those retaining residual administered elements. However, the study also identifies persistent structural impediments — including asymmetric market information, monopsonistic tendencies in local cotton procurement, and inadequate rural financial infrastructure — that constrain the full efficiency gains of liberalisation. The paper advances evidence-based policy recommendations for completing the price liberalisation process, deepening competitive markets, and institutionalising transparent pricing mechanisms aligned with global commodity market benchmarks.
GENDER EQUALITY AND SUSTAINABLE LABOR MARKET DEVELOPMENT: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OECD AND CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES
This paper presents a comparative analysis of gender equality and its multidimensional relationship with sustainable labor market development across OECD member states and Central Asian economies, with particular emphasis on Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. Drawing on panel data from the World Bank, ILO, OECD Gender Data Portal, and national statistical agencies covering the period 2000–2023, the study employs a mixed-methods framework integrating econometric modeling, the Gender Development Index (GDI), and the E3ME macroeconomic simulation model. The findings reveal statistically significant positive correlations between gender parity indicators and GDP growth, labor productivity, and long-term structural resilience of labor markets. Central Asian countries, despite recording notable improvements in female educational attainment, exhibit persistent gender employment gaps averaging 25–30 percentage points, suppressed female wages (approximately 30% below male counterparts), and systemic occupational segregation. OECD evidence demonstrates that narrowing gender gaps in labor market participation could yield an annual GDP growth increment of 0.23 percentage points, with cumulative gains of up to 9.2% by 2060. The paper identifies institutional barriers, informal employment concentration, and underinvestment in care infrastructure as the primary impediments in Central Asian contexts. Policy implications are outlined for evidence-based gender-responsive labor market reforms aligned with UN Sustainable Development Goal 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SMALL BUSINESS AND PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP
This thesis scientifically analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations for evaluating the effectiveness of small businesses and private entrepreneurship. The study examines performance criteria related to the financial stability, labor productivity, and innovative activity of small business entities, as well as methods for measuring them. Furthermore, the methodological foundations for improving the business environment, evaluating the effectiveness of state support programs, and enhancing competitiveness are assessed. The proposed multi-dimensional evaluation model incorporates financial indicators, social impact, and innovation capacity criteria.
IMPROVING ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE
This article examines the improvement of economic mechanisms for ensuring food security under climate change, drawing on the most current 2025 statistical data. Agrifood systems contribute approximately 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while simultaneously becoming the sector most severely impacted by the climate disruptions those emissions cause. In 2024, an estimated 673 million people faced hunger globally while 2.3 billion people experienced moderate or severe food insecurity. The study analyses key economic instruments — climate-smart agriculture investment, green finance mechanisms, parametric insurance systems, strategic food reserves, and digital precision farming — and evaluates their contribution to food security resilience. The OECD-FAO (2025) scenario analysis demonstrates that combining investment in emission-reduction technologies with a 15% agricultural productivity increase can simultaneously eliminate undernourishment by 2034 and reduce GHG emissions by 7%, confirming that climate adaptation and food security objectives are fundamentally complementary rather than competing.
HOW DRIVERS AND DETERMINANTS SHAPE REGIONAL WAGE DISPARITIES IN UZBEKISTAN?
This study empirically analyzes the main economic and demographic factors affecting the average wage level in 14 regions of Uzbekistan between 2017 and 2023. The study, based on panel data, uses a fixed effects (FE) regression model that takes into account individual (inter-regional) changes. The main independent variables are productivity, investment volume, education ratio, inflation rate, population, employment rate, and GDP. The results of the analysis show that productivity, investment, and population are the factors that have the strongest impact on wage growth. Education and inflation are not statistically significant in this model. Practical policy recommendations are developed based on the results.
PATHWAYS TO ENHANCING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ENTITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
This thesis provides a scholarly analysis of the theoretical-methodological foundations and practical pathways for enhancing the economic efficiency of entrepreneurial entities under conditions of digital transformation. The study investigates the value-creation mechanisms arising from the integration of artificial intelligence, cloud computing, big data analytics, and blockchain technologies into core business processes. In addition, the prevailing level of digital transformation among entrepreneurial entities in Uzbekistan is assessed, and the principal determinants of organisational efficiency are identified. The Digital Efficiency Enhancement Model (DEEM) proposed herein integrates financial, operational, and digital-capacity criteria into a unified evaluative framework.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CONDUCTING MASTERY IN WORKING ON ORCHESTRAL WORKS.
This article examines the creative and performance-related activities of a conductor in working on an orchestral composition, focusing on score analysis, musical form, and dramaturgical interpretation. It also analyzes methods for ensuring balance among orchestral sections, ensemble unity, rhythmic stability, intonational accuracy, and the effective organization of rehearsal processes. The study highlights the conductor’s role in creating artistic interpretation and scientifically substantiates the factors that contribute to maintaining artistic integrity and expressive coherence in concert performance.
EARLY-LIFE FEEDING PRACTICES AS A DETERMINANT OF LIPID METABOLISM IN CHILDREN: A PREVENTIVE PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE
Background: Early nutrition is a key determinant of metabolic programming and long-term health. The type of feeding during infancy may influence lipid metabolism and future cardiometabolic risk. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between infant feeding type and lipid metabolism indicators in children. Methods: A longitudinal observational study included 124 children aged 0–14 years. Participants were divided into four groups according to feeding type: exclusive breastfeeding (n=40), partial breastfeeding (n=30), mixed feeding (n=20), and artificial feeding (n=34). Lipid profile parameters including triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol were analyzed. Results: Artificially fed children demonstrated significantly higher triglyceride, LDL, and total cholesterol levels compared with exclusively breastfed children (p<0.05). HDL concentrations did not differ significantly between groups. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with the most favorable metabolic profile. Conclusion: Feeding type during infancy significantly affects lipid metabolism. Exclusive breastfeeding provides long-term protection against dyslipidemia and may reduce future cardiovascular risk.
ANALYSIS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS BETWEEN TOURISTS AND LOCAL RESIDENTS IN THE TOURISM PROCESS
This study comprehensively analyzes the complex dynamics of intercultural communication between tourists and local communities, which is an important component of the global tourism industry. The study identifies and examines the main barriers that hinder effective interaction, including linguistic mismatch, different value systems, embedded social stereotypes, and the phenomenon of “culture shock.” In addition to identifying these barriers, the article explores proactive strategies for mitigating them, such as increasing cultural intelligence (CQ) among tourism professionals, developing empathetic communication, and implementing adaptive strategies tailored to specific national mentalities. The findings suggest that minimizing psychological and linguistic barriers significantly improves service quality, strengthens the competitive advantage of the hospitality business, and fosters sustainable international relationships. This study serves as a strategic framework for tourism managers and practitioners who aim to enrich the overall experience of visitors and develop mutual cultural appreciation.
DIGITAL AND PERFORMANCE-BASED DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISCAL INSTRUMENTS IN SUPPORTING ECONOMIC SECTORS
Abstract. This scientific thesis examines priority directions for improving the effectiveness of fiscal instruments used to support economic sectors. The focus is placed on the digitalization of fiscal policy, performance-based allocation of budget resources, KPI-oriented planning, targeted subsidies, tax incentives, special funds, and automated monitoring of fiscal results. The study argues that fiscal support can generate stronger economic effects when tax and budget instruments are linked to measurable sectoral outcomes, including export growth, investment activity, job creation, technological modernization, and expansion of value-added production. The paper also substantiates the need to transform traditional fiscal support into a transparent, accountable and data-driven mechanism of sectoral development.
What is important to the creator? In which style is effective description the main criterion? Everyone answers this natural question in their own way. In this way, we need to see what is reflected in the essence of creativity. Only skilled, talented and gifted individuals are worthy of any recognition. Because experience-skill-talent-talent are complementary characteristics. How have the world poetic forms that came into being at the beginning of the 20th century developed to this day? How have they matured? This criterion allows us to have a complete picture of Uzbek poetry. In the midst of literary changes that began in the 30s of the 20th century If Soviet policy aimed to instill its ideology into the people's soul, then these goals gradually strengthened their position in various genres. The nature of poetry, the structure of the text, the ideal of the poet were completely subordinated to the former ideology. As a result, a spiritual crisis began for a true creative person. By the 70s, after the generation of Abdulla Aripov, the desire was reflected in a new form, style and content in creative people such as Jura and Shavkat Rahmon. In fact, each of these poets discovered a great novelty that is clearly visible in both style, form and content.
IMPROVING THE TECHNOLOGY OF PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION THROUGH EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
The conducted analyses revealed that the oxide composition of industrial waste complies with the regulatory requirements established for mineral additives used in Portland cement clinker production. It was determined that the incorporation of these oxide components into the cement system as mineral additives does not adversely affect the hydration process; on the contrary, it promotes and accelerates the hydration mechanism. Technogenic mineral additives participate in the cement system as finely dispersed phases, accelerating the kinetics of hydration product formation and contributing to the densification and strengthening of the cement stone microstructure. As a result, the physical and mechanical properties of cement-based materials are improved, and their long-term durability and operational stability are enhanced.
O'ZBEKISTONDA ELEKTRON HUKUMAT TIZIMINING RIVOJLANISHI: HOLATI, MUAMMOLAR VA ISTIQBOLLARI
Ushbu tezis O'zbekistonda elektron hukumat tizimining joriy holati, rivojlanish dinamikasi va xalqaro ko'rsatkichlar bilan taqqoslash asosida tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda my.gov.uz milliy portalining rivojlanish bosqichlari, foydalanuvchilar faolligi, xizmat sifati, shuningdek, BMT Elektron Hukumat Rivojlanish Indeksi (EGDI) bo'yicha O'zbekistonning xalqaro reyting dinamikasi ko'rib chiqilgan. Ishda statistik jadvallar, xalqaro tashkilotlarning rasmiy ma'lumotlari va milliy hisobotlarga tayanilgan. Natijada elektron hukumat tizimini yanada samarali rivojlantirish uchun aniq taklif va xulosalar shakllantirilgan.
THE IMPACT OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
This article examines the impact of sports participation on the human immune system. Regular physical activity improves immune function, strengthens the body's defense mechanisms, and reduces the risk of infectious diseases. The study analyzes the effects of exercise on immune cells, inflammation, and overall health based on scientific literature. The findings show that moderate physical activity positively influences immunity, while excessive training may temporarily suppress immune responses. The article highlights the importance of regular sports participation for maintaining health and preventing diseases.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES IN STRENGTHENING YOUTH HEALTH
Physical education plays an important role in strengthening youth health, promoting physical development, and encouraging a healthy lifestyle. In modern society, decreasing physical activity, sedentary lifestyles, and the growing prevalence of chronic diseases among young people have increased the significance of physical education programs. This article analyzes the impact of physical education on youth health, its role in physical and psychological development, and its contribution to healthy lifestyle formation. The findings indicate that regular physical activity improves cardiovascular, respiratory, and musculoskeletal functions, enhances psychological well-being, and improves overall quality of life. Furthermore, the study highlights that modern physical education methods are effective in encouraging young people to participate in sports and maintain healthy lifestyles.
THE ROLE OF MODERN PHYSICAL EDUCATION METHODS IN INCREASING STUDENTS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Increasing students’ physical activity is one of the important tasks of the modern educational system. In recent years, sedentary lifestyles, excessive use of digital technologies, and reduced physical activity among young people have led to various health-related problems. This article analyzes the role and importance of modern physical education methods in increasing students’ physical activity. The study examines the effectiveness of interactive teaching methods, health-promoting exercises, fitness programs, sports games, and technology-based physical education approaches. The findings indicate that modern physical education methods significantly improve students’ physical fitness, health status, and interest in sports activities. Furthermore, these methods contribute to the development of healthy lifestyles, physical development, and improved quality of life among students.
KVAZICHIZIQLI ISSIQLIK TARQALISH TENGLAMASINING QO‘YILISHI VA MATEMATIK TAHLILI
Ushbu maqolada kvazichiziqli issiqlik tarqalish tenglamasining fizik va matematik asoslari o‘rganilgan. Issiqlik o‘tkazuvchanlik jarayonlarini modellashtirishda energiyaning saqlanish qonuni va Furye qonunidan kelib chiqib, kvazichiziqli parabolik tenglamaning hosil qilinishi bayon etilgan. Shuningdek, tenglamaning boshlang‘ich va chegaraviy shartlari, matematik klassifikatsiyasi, yechimning mavjudligi va yagonaligi masalalari hamda amaliy tatbiqlari tahlil qilingan. Zamonaviy muhandislik va fizika masalalarida mazkur tenglamaning ahamiyati ko‘rsatib berilgan.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC OPINION ON INCREASING THE LEGAL CULTURE OF WOMEN
This article analyzes the influence of the social environment and public opinion on enhancing the legal culture of women from a socio-philosophical perspective. It highlights the role of the family, the mahalla, educational institutions, the labor collective, the media, and civil society institutions in shaping women's legal consciousness. It also reveals the positive and negative influence of public opinion on women's activity and the process of realizing and protecting their rights. The article substantiates that raising legal culture is an important factor in strengthening justice, equality, and human dignity in society.
STUDENT SATISFACTION AS A MEASURE OF UNIVERSITY PERFORMANCE
This thesis analyzes the importance of student satisfaction in assessing the performance of higher education institutions. The impact of education quality, infrastructure, faculty qualifications, and academic services on student opinion is highlighted. Student satisfaction is considered an important indicator of the competitiveness and sustainable development of universities.
РАННЕЕ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ЗАДЕРЖКИ РЕЧЕВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ У ДЕТЕЙ: КЛИНИКО-НЕЙРОИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДИКТОРЫ
Задержка речевого развития (ЗРР) является одной из наиболее актуальных проблем детской неврологии, оказывающей негативное влияние на когнитивное, эмоционально-поведенческое и социальное развитие ребенка. В последние годы особое внимание уделяется роли нейроиммунных механизмов и генетических факторов в формировании речевых нарушений. Раннее выявление клинических, иммунологических и генетических предикторов ЗРР позволяет своевременно проводить профилактические и реабилитационные мероприятия.
STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF TAKYR-LIKE AND TAKYR-MEADOW SOILS AND WAYS TO IMPROVE THEIR FERTILITY
Takyr-like and takyr-meadow soils are widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia, particularly in Uzbekistan. These soils are characterized by high clay content, poor structure, salinity, low organic matter, and unfavorable water-air regimes, which limit agricultural productivity. The present study aimed to investigate the physical and chemical properties of takyr-like and takyr-meadow soils and to identify effective approaches for improving their fertility. Soil samples were collected from representative sites and analyzed for humus content, pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and bulk density. The results showed significant differences between the two soil types. Takyr-meadow soils contained higher organic matter and nutrient levels than takyr-like soils. However, both soils exhibited low fertility due to salinity and poor physical properties. The application of organic fertilizers, gypsum, crop rotation, and proper irrigation management significantly improved soil quality indicators. The findings demonstrate that integrated soil management practices can enhance the fertility and sustainable use of takyr-like and takyr-meadow soils in arid agricultural ecosystems.
CLINICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SKIN DYSCHROMIAS
Background: Acquired macular hyperpigmentations – persistent dyschromic erythema (PDE), pigmented lichen planus (PLP) and idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation (IEMP) – are common dermatological conditions with poorly understood etiopathogenesis and difficult differential diagnosis. Objective: To study clinical, pathomorphological and immunohistochemical features of PDE, PLP and IEMP for optimizing differential diagnosis. Methods: 120 patients (16–75 years) were examined (30 each with PDE, PLP, IEMP and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation as control). Skin biopsies were evaluated histologically (hematoxylin-eosin) and immunohistochemically using antibodies against CD8, CD68, CD207/Langerin and p16. Results: PDE presented with large >5 cm patches on neck/back with peripheral erythema (67%); PLP – with 0.5–5 cm patches on scalp/neck/folds and pruritus (100%); IEMP – with small 0.5–2 cm asymptomatic patches on trunk/limbs. Histologically, PDE showed lichenoid interface dermatitis in early stage and superficial perivascular dermatitis in late stage; PLP – vacuolar interface dermatitis with apoptosis; IEMP – non‑specific perivascular dermatitis without basal layer damage. Immunohistochemically, PLP was characterized by high expression of p16 (100%) and CD8 (100%); PDE and IEMP by expression of CD68 (67% and 100% respectively) and CD207/Langerin (67% and 67%). Conclusions: Combined clinical‑morphological and immunohistochemical assessment allows reliable differentiation of PDE, PLP and IEMP. p16/CD8 are specific markers for PLP, while CD68/CD207 for PDE/IEMP.
Витамин E (токоферол) также называют витамином размножения или антистерильным витамином. В ходе экспериментов, проведённых на белых мышах и крысах, было установлено, что при длительном кормлении животных искусственно приготовленным молоком у них утрачивается способность к размножению.
IMPROVEMENT OF PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN WORKERS OF METAL PROCESSING ENTERPRISES
Introduction. Periodontal diseases remain one of the most common dental pathologies among the adult population and represent a significant medical and social problem. Workers employed in metal processing enterprises are constantly exposed to unfavorable occupational factors, including industrial dust, metal aerosols, vibration, noise, elevated temperatures, and chemical compounds. Long-term exposure to these factors may contribute to the development and progression of inflammatory periodontal diseases.
Khatamova Madinakhon Anvarovna, Poydayeva Subhidam Abrorovna
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GRASPS METHOD IN DEVELOPING NATURAL SCIENCE LITERACY SKILLS
Abstract: This article analyzes the methodological significance of using the GRASPS method in developing natural science literacy skills, which is considered one of the essential requirements of modern education. The study highlights the role of the GRASPS model in creating authentic assessment tasks that enable students to apply scientific knowledge and skills in real-life contexts.
AI LITERACY AS A NEW COMPETENCE FOR FUTURE ENGLISH TEACHERS
Abstract. The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into all sectors of modern life, including education, necessitates that future educators acquire a new set of competencies commonly referred to as AI literacy. This thesis examines AI literacy as an emerging and essential competence for pre-service and in-service English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers.
YOZMA NUTQDA LEKSIK BOYLIK VA UNING KOMMUNIKATIV SAMARADORLIGI
Annotatsiya Ushbu maqolada yozma nutqning leksik tarkibi va uning muloqot jarayonidagi kommunikativ samaradorligi tadqiq etiladi. Tadqiqotning maqsadi leksik boylikning matn mazmunini ochib berishdagi va o‘quvchiga ta’sir ko‘rsatishdagi rolini aniqlashdir. Metodologiya sifatida qiyosiy-statistik tahlil va lingvistik interpretatsiya usullaridan foydalanildi. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, sinonimik qatorlar va terminologik aniqlik yozma nutqning pragmatik quvvatini 30-40% ga oshiradi.
DESIGN METHODOLOGIES FOR MULTIFUNCTIONAL CLOTHING: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO FUNCTIONAL APPAREL DEVELOPMENT
The evolution of the textile and fashion industries has led to the emergence of multifunctional clothing, which integrates aesthetics, ergonomics, environmental protection, and technological capabilities. This thesis explores systematic design methodologies for developing multifunctional apparel. By synthesizing User-Centered Design (UCD), modular design principles, biomimicry, and digital prototyping, this research proposes a comprehensive framework for functional clothing development. The study highlights how the integration of smart textiles and 3D virtual modeling optimizes the design process, reduces material waste, and enhances end-user satisfaction. The findings provide designers and engineers with actionable strategies to create adaptive, sustainable, and highly functional garments for diverse applications, including sportswear, occupational wear, and medical apparel.
MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF BIOACTIVE GLASS PASTE IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC APICAL PERIODONTITIS
The modern concept of dental care prioritizes organ-preserving approaches. At the same time, choosing an effective method for the conservative treatment of apical periodontitis remains a challenging task. The emergence of an inflammatory reaction in the periapical region of the tooth is closely linked to microbial contamination of the root canals and infection of the root dentinal tubules.
ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ ДЛЯ АВИАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ
Annotatsiya. Maqolada sun'iy intellekt (SI) texnologiyalarini zamonaviy va istiqbolli aviatsiya tizimlariga joriy etishning asosiy jihatlari ko'rib chiqiladi. Qurolli kurash xarakterining o'zgarishi sharoitida jangovar aviatsiyaga qo'yilayotgan ortib borayotgan talablar tahlil qilinadi, bunda qaror qabul qilish tezligi va katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlarni qayta ishlash hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega bo'lmoqda. Uchuvchilarga tushadigan psixofiziologik yuklamalar, kognitiv buzilishlar va jismoniy cheklovlar kabi inson omilining cheklovlariga alohida e'tibor qaratiladi, bu esa insonni zamonaviy yuqori texnologiyali mojarolarda "zaif bo'g'in"ga aylantirmoqda.. Maqola shunday xulosa qiladiki, aviatsiyada SI texnologiyalarini o'zlashtirish texnologik yetakchilikni ta'minlaydigan va kelajakdagi urushlar qiyofasini tubdan o'zgartiradigan strategik ustuvorlikdir.
NITRI-DENITRIFIKATSIYA BOSQICHIDAN KEYINGI OQAVA SUVLARNI ZAMONAVIY MEMBRANALI VA SORBSION USULLAR BILAN TRANSCHEGARA SUV OB'EKTLARI STANDARTLARI DARAJASIDA QOʻSHIMCHA TOZALASH
Ushbu maqolada biologik nitri-denitrifikatsiya bosqichidan oʻtgan shahar va sanoat oqava suvlarini transchegaraviy suv ob'ektlari standartlari (masalan, Yevropa Ittifoqining suv bo'yicha direktivalari va transchegaraviy daryolar kelishuvlari me'yorlari) darajasigacha chuqur tozalash masalalari tadqiq etilgan. Biologik tozalashdan keyin qolib ketgan qoldiq azot, fosfor, ogʻir metallar va turgʻun organik birikmalarni (COD_res, BOD_res) samarali yoʻqotish uchun ultrafiltratsiya (UF), teskari osmos (RO) hamda modifikatsiyalangan aktivlashtirilgan koʻmir va seolitlar asosidagi sorbsiya jarayonlarining kombinatsiyalashgan texnologik sxemasi taklif qilingan. Tajriba natijalari shuni koʻrsatadiki, taklif etilgan gibrid tizim umumiy azot miqdorini < 3 mg/l, fosforni < 0.1 mg/l va muallaq moddalarni nol darajagacha kamaytirish imkonini beradi.
METHODOLOGY FOR IMPLEMENTING AN ANALYTICAL APPROACH IN THE STUDY OF MEDIA TEXTS
The correct choice of pedagogical methods is of decisive importance in the process of developing the communicative competence of future engineers through media education. A method is a set of ways and means of achieving the educational goal, and in the context of media education it performs the function of not only transferring knowledge, but also forming a person who can act actively, critically and creatively in the media environment. In modern pedagogical practice, media education methods are divided into two broad categories: reproductive methods - aimed at receiving and repeating ready-made knowledge; productive methods - based on the independent search, creation and application of new knowledge and skills. In order to develop the communicative competence of future engineers, it is precisely productive methods that should be given priority.
PHENOTYPE-ORIENTED PREDICTION OF EMERGING POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME USING HORMONAL, METABOLIC AND OVARIAN STROMAL MARKERS
Abstract. This study proposes a phenotype-oriented approach to predicting emerging polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent girls based on the combined assessment of hormonal, metabolic, and ovarian stromal markers. The model integrates anti-Müllerian hormone, HOMA-IR, LH/FSH ratio, vitamin D status, ovarian stromal index, menstrual pattern, body mass index, and family history. Significant correlations between AMH, insulin resistance, gonadotropic imbalance, and vitamin D deficiency confirmed the interdependence of ovarian and metabolic mechanisms. The ovarian stromal index was also associated with the integral PCOS index, supporting the relationship between structural ovarian remodeling and biochemical dysfunction.
EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN CYBERSECURITY AND ECONOMIC STABILITY IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Annotation. In the context of rapid digital transformation, economic security has become a critical issue for both developed and developing economies. The expansion of digital technologies, electronic commerce, financial technologies, and data-driven systems has created new opportunities for economic growth while simultaneously introducing new risks and vulnerabilities. This study examines the main directions for managing economic security in the digital economy era, focusing on the identification of key threats, risk management strategies, and policy measures aimed at ensuring stable economic development. The paper analyzes how digitalization affects financial stability, cybersecurity, labor markets, and national economic resilience. It also explores the role of government institutions, regulatory frameworks, and digital infrastructure in strengthening economic security.
HUMOR AND PLAYFULNESS THROUGH ZOONYMS IN CHILDREN’S POEMS
Abstract. Humor and playfulness constitute core aesthetic and pedagogical elements of children’s poetry. Among the linguistic devices that generate these effects, zoonyms—lexical units denoting animals—occupy a particularly prominent position. This thesis examines the role of zoonyms in the construction of humor and playfulness in children’s poems, focusing on their stylistic, semantic, and cognitive functions. Drawing on stylistics, cognitive poetics, and children’s literature theory, the study analyzes selected poems by canonical authors such as Edward Lear, A. A. Milne, and Dr. Seuss. The analysis demonstrates that zoonym-based humor emerges primarily through anthropomorphism, exaggeration, and phonological play, enabling poets to negotiate the boundaries between fantasy and reality. The thesis argues that zoonyms function not merely as decorative elements but as complex semiotic tools that facilitate linguistic development, emotional engagement, and moral reasoning in child readers.
POSTURAL CONTROL, BALANCE PERFORMANCE, AND MOTOR FUNCTION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Abstract. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor impairments that frequently limit participation in educational, recreational, and social activities. During adolescence, restrictions in participation may adversely affect psychosocial development, independence, and quality of life. Understanding the relationship between motor function and participation is essential for developing comprehensive rehabilitation strategies.
THE ROLE OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN OBESITY
Abstract. Obesity has become one of the most prevalent non-communicable diseases worldwide and is recognized as a major risk factor for numerous metabolic, cardiovascular, and endocrine disorders. Traditionally considered a consequence of excessive energy intake and reduced physical activity, obesity is now increasingly viewed as a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition characterized by profound alterations in immune system function. In recent years, growing evidence has highlighted the critical role of cellular immunity in the development, progression, and complications of obesity. Understanding the interactions between immune cells and adipose tissue is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of obesity and identifying novel therapeutic targets.
OʻZBEK VA NEMIS TILLARI TAʼLIM LEKSIKASIDA MADANIY KODLAR VA KONSEPTUAL TAFOVUTLAR
Annotatsiya: Ushbu tezisda oʻzbek va nemis tillaridagi taʼlim sohasiga oid lugʻaviy birliklarning oʻrganilishi terminologik, semantik, stilistik va diskursiv darajalarda qiyosiy tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida oʻzbek tilidagi taʼlim leksikasining xalqona, obrazli va emotsional tabiati hamda affiksal yasalish modeli yoritib berilgan.
Astonova Go‘zalxon Raxmonaliyevna, Boyboʻtayev Shohjahon Joʻrabek oʻgʻli
THE SCOPE OF HOMONYM USAGE IN TURKISH FOLK SONGS
Abstract. This article examines the functional characteristics of homonyms in Turkish folk songs, their aesthetic and artistic roles, and their contribution to the semantic and stylistic richness of folk song texts. Drawing on authentic examples from Turkish folk songs, the study explores the semantic potential of homonyms and demonstrates how their strategic deployment enhances poetic expressiveness, maintains rhyme and rhythmic harmony, and elevates the overall aesthetic value of folk poetry.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT GREENHOUSE MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM USING IOT AND CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES
Precision agriculture demands continuous monitoring and intelligent control of environmental parameters within greenhouse structures to maximize crop yield while minimizing resource consumption. This paper presents the design and implementation of AgroAI — an intelligent IoT-based greenhouse monitoring and control system built on ESP32 microcontrollers, MQTT communication protocol, and a cloud-native SaaS backend. The system integrates five sensor modalities (temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and CO₂ concentration) with four automated actuators (ventilation fan, soil irrigation pump, air humidification pump, and supplemental lighting) governed by a threshold-based AI control algorithm operating in real-time. The multi-tenant cloud architecture employs FastAPI with PostgreSQL for data persistence, Mosquitto MQTT broker for device communication, and a React-based dashboard for visualization. FreeRTOS dual-core task scheduling on ESP32 ensures deterministic sensor sampling at 2-second intervals while maintaining concurrent MQTT connectivity. Experimental evaluation over a 30-day deployment period demonstrates a temperature regulation accuracy within ±1.2°C of target setpoints, 34% reduction in water consumption compared to manual irrigation, and 99.2% system uptime. The system supports over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates and AI-assisted chat interface for natural language greenhouse management queries.