Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EIJMR) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in various disciplines. The journal aims to promote multidisciplinary research and provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their work to a wider audience.
THE UZBEK LANGUAGE AND CULTURE DURING THE KARAKHANID ERA
In this article, the author discusses the Karluk state and the Karluks, their language and cultural life, the literary works created during that period, as well as the formation of the Uzbek ethnos. In the formation of the Uzbek ethnos, the Karluk–Chigil language played a leading role. The Karakhanids, as a state established in the 10th century in the region between Transoxiana and Eastern Turkestan, used Khāqāni Turkic as the official written language. During this period, alongside the Uyghur script, the Arabic script was also widely used.
PARDAQANOTLILAR (HYMENOPTERA) TURKIMI VAKILLARI EKOLOGIYASI: POLIMORFIZM, PARAZITIZM VA AGROBIOTSENOZLARDAGI ROLI
Ushbu maqolada pardaqanotlilar turkimi (Hymenoptera) vakillarining ekologik xususiyatlari, ularning tabiatdagi funksional roli va qishloq xo‘jaligi agrobiotsenozlaridagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Mazkur turkum ijtimoiy (sotsial) va yakka hayot kechiruvchi, polimorfizmning murakkab shakllariga ega, shuningdek, fitofag, parazit va yirtqich hayot tarzidagi turlarni birlashtiradi. Maqolada ayniqsa ularning oʻsimliklar changlanishidagi tutgan oʻrni, zararkunanda hasharotlar sonini nazorat qiluvchi entomofag sifatidagi faoliyati hamda ayrim turlarning (masalan, arrakashlar, shoxdumlilar) qishloq va oʻrmon xoʻjaligiga keltiruvchi zarari yoritilgan. Pardaqanotlilar ekologiyasini chuqur oʻrganish integratsiyalashgan zararkunandalarga qarshi kurash tizimini takomillashtirish va tabiiy ekotizimlar barqarorligini ta’minlashda muhim ilmiy-amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi.
RESEARCH ON SEED GERMINATION METHODS OF THE DATE PALM (PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L.) AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most ancient cultivated fruit and ornamental plants, possessing high economic, ecological, and aesthetic value. In the context of global climate change and the expansion of urban greening programs, there is an increasing interest in studying its propagation methods and improving seed germination efficiency. This paper examines the biological characteristics of the date palm, its significance in agriculture and landscape design, as well as experimental methods for pre-sowing seed treatment. A comparative analysis was conducted on the germination of seeds soaked in cold water, warm water, and a control group without treatment. The results indicate that pre-soaking seeds in warm water significantly accelerates and enhances the germination rate. The findings of this study can be applied in agronomy, ornamental horticulture, and environmental landscaping programs.
THE IMPACT OF MODERN DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL TOOLS ON EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY
In recent years, the process of digitization of the education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan has been accelerating, and modern digital teaching aids are being widely introduced into educational practice. The use of electronic textbooks, distance learning platforms, online assessment systems, and interactive digital resources is becoming an important component of the educational process. However, it is observed that the real impact of digital technologies on educational efficiency is not always stable and does not always produce the expected results. This study aims to empirically determine the impact of modern digital teaching aids on educational efficiency in the conditions of the Uzbek education system. The study substantiated that the impact of digital aids is manifested not directly, but through pedagogical integration mechanisms. The results of the study, conducted on the basis of a quasi-experimental design, showed that pedagogically based digital teaching aids significantly increase educational efficiency. The results of the study serve to develop scientific and methodological recommendations for the development of digital education.
ХРОНИЧЕСКОЕ СИСТЕМНОЕ ВОСПАЛЕНИЕ КАК КЛЮЧЕВОЙ ИНТЕГРАТИВНЫЙ ФАКТОР ПАТОГЕНЕЗА МУЛЬТИФАКТОРНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ
В данной статье хроническое системное воспаление рассматривается как ключевой интегративный фактор патогенеза мультифакторных заболеваний. Под мультифакторными заболеваниями понимаются патологические состояния, развитие которых обусловлено сочетанием генетических, метаболических, иммунологических и внешнесредовых факторов. В отличие от острого воспаления, которое носит защитный и ограниченный по времени характер, хроническое системное воспаление характеризуется длительной персистенцией (сохранением) провоспалительных медиаторов в системном кровотоке и формированием состояния low-grade inflammation — маловыраженного, но постоянного воспалительного ответа. Особое внимание уделено молекулярным и клеточным механизмам поддержания хронического воспаления. Подробно рассматривается роль провоспалительных цитокинов — биологически активных сигнальных белков (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17), обеспечивающих межклеточную коммуникацию и регуляцию иммунного ответа. Хроническая гиперпродукция цитокинов приводит к развитию эндотелиальной дисфункции (нарушению функции сосудистой стенки), оксидативного стресса (избыточного образования свободных радикалов), митохондриальной дисфункции (нарушения энергетического обмена клетки) и активации апоптоза (программируемой клеточной гибели). В работе также освещается феномен иммунной дисрегуляции — нарушения сбалансированной работы врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета. Иммунная дисрегуляция проявляется снижением активности регуляторных T-клеток (Treg), дисбалансом Th1/Th2/Th17-ответа, хронической активацией макрофагов и формированием аутоиммунных реакций. Данные процессы поддерживают «порочный круг» воспаления и способствуют прогрессированию мультиорганной патологии. Отдельное внимание уделено метаболическому воспалению (метавоспалению), развивающемуся при ожирении и инсулинорезистентности. Жировая ткань рассматривается как активный эндокринный орган, продуцирующий адипокины (лептин, резистин, адипонектин), которые модулируют воспалительный ответ и способствуют формированию хронического системного воспаления. Показано, что хроническое системное воспаление лежит в основе развития атеросклероза, сахарного диабета 2 типа, ревматоидного артрита, хронической болезни почек, нейродегенеративных и онкологических заболеваний. Таким образом, системное воспаление выступает универсальным патогенетическим звеном, объединяющим различные нозологические формы в рамках единой иммунометаболической концепции. Рассматриваются перспективные направления патогенетической терапии, включая антицитокиновую терапию, иммуномодуляцию, коррекцию микробиоты кишечника, метаболическую терапию и модификацию образа жизни.
INNOVATIVE MARKETING STRATEGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM SERVICES
This paper explores innovative marketing strategies in the development of tourism services within the context of global digital transformation and increasing international competition. It analyzes key trends such as experiential marketing, digitalization, artificial intelligence, destination branding, sustainability, and smart tourism systems. The study highlights how these approaches enhance tourist satisfaction, improve service quality, and strengthen destination competitiveness. Special attention is given to Uzbekistan’s tourism sector, where policy reforms and digital initiatives are contributing to rapid industry growth. The research is based on recent academic literature, statistical data, and global tourism reports, demonstrating that innovation-driven marketing is essential for sustainable tourism development.
THE ROLE AND PROSPECTS OF FINTECH TECHNOLOGIES IN BANKING AND FINANCIAL SERVICES
This article analyzes the role and development prospects of fintech technologies in banking and financial services. It examines how innovations such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data analytics, and digital payment systems are transforming traditional financial institutions into digital ecosystems. The study highlights the impact of fintech on financial inclusion, operational efficiency, risk management, and regulatory frameworks.
BETWEEN FAITH, SUFFERING, AND EXISTENTIAL CONSCIOUSNESS: THE POETIC UNIVERSE OF CHRISTINE LAVANT
This article examines the literary legacy of Austrian poet Christine Lavant, focusing on the existential, spiritual, and psychological dimensions of her poetry. Lavant occupies a unique place in twentieth-century German-language literature due to her deeply autobiographical lyrical voice, shaped by poverty, chronic illness, social isolation, and religious tension. Her works reveal an intense struggle between faith and doubt, suffering and redemption, loneliness and transcendence. Through a close reading of her poetic collections, this study explores how Lavant constructs symbolic imagery, metaphorical language, and mystical motifs to represent the fragile human condition. The article also discusses the influence of Christian mysticism, existential philosophy, and modernist aesthetics on her writing. Lavant’s poetry is interpreted as an artistic expression of the inner self confronting both divine silence and existential uncertainty. The research highlights the importance of her work in understanding the intersection between literature, spirituality, and psychological experience in modern European poetry.
This article analyzes ethnofolkloristic data related to the fact that, in ancient times, the tradition of riddle-telling constituted an integral part of seasonal rituals. The historical foundations of the seasonal character of riddle-telling practices, as well as their performance exclusively during specific periods of the year, are elucidated.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE VARIANTS OF THE FAIRY TALE “QULOQVOY”
In this article, the issue of variability in fairy tales is revealed using well-founded evidence. Variations in fairy tales are highlighted using the example of the Uzbek folk tale "Quloqvoy." Also, various fairy tales under this title are analyzed.
PROSPECTS FOR USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN IMPROVING CUSTOMS AUDIT BASED ON INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
The rapid digitalization of international trade and the increasing complexity of cross-border transactions require customs administrations to modernize their control mechanisms. Customs audit, as a key post-clearance control instrument, plays a crucial role in ensuring trade compliance, revenue protection, and trade facilitation. This article examines the prospects of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) elements into customs audit systems in line with international standards and best practices. The study analyzes conceptual foundations, global trends, practical applications, benefits, risks, and policy implications. The research concludes that AI-driven customs audit can significantly enhance risk management efficiency, transparency, and fiscal effectiveness while supporting trade facilitation objectives.
Muydinova Zilola Vokhid kizi,Suyunov Abdinor Miltikbayevich
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE VS CLINICAL EXPERTISE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTIVENESS IN MODERN DENTISTRY
This article presents a critical analysis of the current state of research comparing the diagnostic effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and dental practitioners. Based on data from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original clinical studies published between 2024 and 2026, the achievements and limitations of AI are examined in areas such as cariology, oral mucosal pathology, periodontology, and orthodontics. Particular attention is given to the issue of external validity in existing studies, differences in AI performance depending on the clinician’s experience, and the depth of pathological processes. The study concludes that AI should be considered as a clinical decision support tool rather than a replacement for dental professionals.
Ravshanbekova Xonzoda, Nosirova Maftuna,Tulanbayev Fayzullo
THE IMPACT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY ON ACCOUNTING TRANSPARENCY AND AUDIT EFFICIENCY
Blockchain technology is poised to revolutionize accounting and auditing by introducing immutable, transparent, and decentralized record-keeping. This paper examines the impact of blockchain on accounting transparency and audit efficiency through a systematic literature review. Key features such as immutability, real-time data access, and smart contracts significantly enhance data reliability, reduce fraud risks, and streamline audit processes, with reported reductions in audit time by 30-70%. However, challenges including integration issues, regulatory uncertainty, scalability, and skill gaps remain. The analysis highlights blockchain’s transformative potential while acknowledging barriers to widespread adoption.
THE ROLE OF AIR POLLUTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND COMPREHENSIVE HYGIENIC RISK ASSESSMENT
Air pollution is recognized as one of the leading global environmental risk factors, contributing substantially to morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. A growing body of evidence indicates that exposure to ambient air pollutants—particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and carbon monoxide (CO)—is strongly associated with the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. These pollutants can penetrate deep into the respiratory system and enter the bloodstream, triggering systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and disturbances in autonomic regulation, all of which are key mechanisms in cardiovascular pathology. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of air pollution in the development of cardiovascular diseases and to conduct a comprehensive hygienic risk assessment of population exposure. The study aims to integrate current scientific evidence on exposure pathways, biological effects, and epidemiological trends, while also assessing the magnitude of risk from a public health and hygiene perspective. The methodological approach is based on a combination of epidemiological data analysis, environmental monitoring reports, and an extensive review of recent scientific literature from international databases. Data on pollutant concentrations and population exposure levels are analyzed alongside reported incidences of cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Standard hygienic risk assessment frameworks are applied, including hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose–response evaluation, and risk characterization. The findings indicate a consistent and significant association between increased levels of air pollution and elevated risks of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter is particularly linked to a higher incidence of chronic cardiovascular conditions, while short-term exposure peaks are associated with acute cardiovascular events. The analysis also reveals that vulnerable populations, including the elderly and individuals with pre-existing conditions, are at greater risk. In conclusion, air pollution represents a critical modifiable risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. The comprehensive hygienic risk assessment underscores the urgent need for stricter air quality standards, continuous environmental monitoring, and effective public health interventions aimed at reducing exposure. Addressing air pollution is essential not only for environmental protection but also for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and the improvement of population health outcomes.
THE CONCEPT OF THE MEANING OF LIFE AND HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY IN EXISTENTIALIST PHILOSOPHY
The question of the meaning of life occupies a central place in existentialist philosophy, which emerged as a response to the crises of modernity, alienation, and loss of traditional values. Existentialist thinkers argue that life has no predetermined meaning and that individuals are responsible for creating meaning through their choices and actions. This article analyzes the existentialist understanding of the meaning of life and explores the concept of human responsibility as a fundamental ethical principle. By examining the ideas of key existentialist philosophers, the study highlights the significance of freedom, choice, and responsibility in shaping human existence.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL DEVICES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN OF EARLY SCHOOL AGE
Early school age (6-7 years) is a critical period for the development of cognitive processes. During this age range, a transition from predominantly visual-figurative thinking to the development of elements of logical and abstract thinking occurs, with the role of voluntary attention and goal-directed activity increasing. Working memory, which ensures the retention and processing of information during problem-solving, actively develops. From a neuropsychological perspective, this age is characterized by intensive maturation of the frontal lobes, particularly the dorsolateral and orbitofrontal regions involved in behavioral regulation, planning, and control. The functional organization of the frontoparietal and frontotemporal networks, which facilitate the integration of sensory information and the formation of semantic processes, becomes more complex . Interhemispheric interactions are completed, which is reflected in the formation of functional asymmetry and lateralization of speech and spatial functions.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE PLATFORM FOR AUTOMATING DECORATIVE STRAW DELIVERY SERVICES BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES
This article analyzes the development of a mobile platform that automates the delivery service of decorative sarpo based on artificial intelligence technologies. By utilizing modern information technologies and the capabilities of artificial intelligence, the study considers ways to organize service processes more efficiently, receive orders quickly, and manage them effectively. In addition, the research highlights the creation of a user-friendly interface for customers, monitoring of orders, and optimization of the delivery process through the mobile platform. The results of the study show that the application of artificial intelligence technologies can improve service quality, save time and resources, and meet customer needs more effectively.
Tleuov Kuatbay Orazbayevich, Yaxshımuradova Jansulu
LACUNAE IN LINGUISTICS: THEORY, TYPOLOGY, AND CROSS-LINGUISTIC SIGNIFICANCE
This article presents a comprehensive theoretical examination of lacunae as a fundamental concept in contrastive linguistics and translation studies. Lacunae — lexical, semantic, and cultural gaps between languages — represent one of the most revealing phenomena in cross-linguistic analysis. Drawing on the foundational works of Varkhudarov, Yuri Sorokin, Igor Markovina, and subsequent scholarship in comparative linguistics, this paper defines and classifies lacunae, discusses theoretical models for their analysis, explores their cognitive and cultural underpinnings, and evaluates methodological approaches for their identification and description. The study argues that lacunae are not mere translation inconveniences but windows into culturally encoded worldviews, and that their systematic study contributes profoundly to our understanding of linguistic relativity, intercultural communication, and the architecture of lexical systems.
HYPOXIA AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE HUMAN BODY: PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
Hypoxia is a fundamental pathophysiological condition characterized by insufficient oxygen supply at the tissue level, leading to significant disturbances in cellular metabolism and organ function. This study aims to analyze the main mechanisms of hypoxia development and its systemic effects on the human body based on modern concepts of pathophysiology. Special attention is given to the classification of hypoxia, including hypoxic, anemic, circulatory, and histotoxic types, each of which has distinct etiological factors but leads to a common outcome—cellular oxygen deficiency.cThe study highlights that hypoxia disrupts mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in decreased ATP production and a shift to anaerobic glycolysis. This metabolic transition leads to lactate accumulation and metabolic acidosis, which negatively affect cellular viability. In addition, hypoxia activates adaptive mechanisms mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which regulate gene expression related to angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, and metabolic adaptation. While these mechanisms are protective in the short term, prolonged hypoxia contributes to pathological processes such as inflammation, tissue damage, and organ dysfunction.
ATHE ROLE OF METAPHOR IN INTERNET DISCOURSE
This article explores the role of metaphor in internet discourse from a linguistic and pragmatic perspective. In the context of rapidly evolving digital communication, metaphors function as essential cognitive and communicative tools that help users conceptualize abstract ideas, express emotions, and construct meaning efficiently. The study analyzes how metaphorical expressions shape online interactions across various platforms such as social media, forums, and blogs. Particular attention is given to the ways metaphors reflect cultural values, social identities, and ideological positions in both English and Uzbek internet discourse. The research employs a qualitative approach, drawing on examples from authentic online texts to identify dominant metaphorical patterns and their communicative functions. The findings suggest that metaphors not only enhance expressiveness and creativity but also facilitate implicit meaning-making and pragmatic inference in digital environments. Ultimately, the article highlights the significance of metaphor as a dynamic mechanism in shaping the structure and interpretation of internet discourse.
INTERCULTURAL ADAPTATION OF A FAIRY TALE TEXT
The article presents a comparative analysis of the Uzbek original of the fairy tale “Bulbulig‘yo” and its Russian translation. The study examines differences in imagery, structure, and semantic emphasis: the Uzbek text highlights the hero’s inner qualities and cultural traditions, while the Russian translation intensifies the dramatic elements of the narrative and its social motifs. The analysis concludes that the translation performs an interpretative function and reflects the specific features of the intercultural adaptation of a folklore text.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF DIPLOMATIC LEXICON IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
The present study examines the linguistic aspects of diplomatic lexicon in English and Uzbek languages from a comparative and linguocultural perspective. Diplomatic vocabulary represents a highly specialized subsystem of language characterized by precision, neutrality, and functional stability. The article analyzes lexical, semantic, stylistic, and pragmatic features of diplomatic terminology, highlighting both universal tendencies and language-specific characteristics. Special attention is paid to the influence of sociocultural factors, historical development, and communicative strategies in shaping diplomatic discourse. The findings demonstrate that despite structural and cultural differences, both languages share common principles of diplomatic communication aimed at clarity, politeness, and conflict avoidance.
The relatively low frequency of duodenal injuries (from 0.2 to 5% of all abdominal injuries) complicates their analysis and systematization, which leads to the absence of a unified approach in the treatment and diagnosis of patients with this injury. Mortality for isolated injuries of this organ ranges from 11.8 to 30.5% and from 52 to 80% for combined injuries. This is due to anatomical as well as physiological characteristics. The retroperitoneal location of the organ limits the effectiveness of certain diagnostic methods.
THE IMPACT OF FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT IMBALANCE ON STUDENT LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Assessment is not simply a means of measuring student performance; it is a fundamental guide to teaching and learning. The design and implementation of assessments significantly affect how students allocate their time, approach assignments, and engage with academic content. Summative assessment, defined as the assessment of learning at the end of a course, remains the dominant model in contemporary higher education. While summative methods serve important purposes such as certification and accountability, their dominance has raised concerns among educators and researchers. In particular, the limitations of formative assessment designed to support learning can lead to suboptimal learning outcomes. The question emerges: to what extent does the imbalance between formative and summative assessment affect student learning, and what strategies can be used to achieve a more effective integration?
Hospital pedagogy is a new pedagogical direction aimed at meeting the educational needs of children and adolescents treated in hospitals and other medical institutions. This article discusses the origin, main tasks, specific features and place of hospital pedagogy in the modern education system. The article also considersualifications of hospital teachers and the formation of students' attitu the difficulties encountered in the field of hospital pedagogy and ways to overcome them, the qdes to the educational process.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH BURN DISEASE
After a burn lesion, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) may occur via direct lung injury due to inhaled smoke and fumes or mediated by the inflammatory response associated with the burn or its infectious complications. A prospective cohort study was performed from January to December 2025. Demographic and diagnostic data, prognostic scores, etiology and data on the extent and depth of burns were collected. Data related to risk factors for ARDS and death were also recorded. A total of 85 patients were included in the study. The mean total body surface area burned was 28.3%; 35.3% presented inhalation injuries. ARDS was diagnosed in 38.6% of patients under invasive mechanical ventilation. Mortality rate observed in the study patients was high and associated with ARDS diagnosis.
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MESENTERIC CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
Acute impairment of mesenteric circulation continues to be one of the most severe vascular conditions, characterized by persistently high mortality rates that have shown minimal decline over the past 15–20 years. This study analyzes the outcomes of surgical treatment in 84 patients with acute visceral blood flow disorders. In 52 (61.9%) cases, patients were diagnosed with acute thromboembolic or thrombotic occlusion involving the ostium and proximal segments of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), while 32 (38.1%) patients exhibited thrombotic occlusion of its distal segments or intestinal branches. Mortality was observed in 24 (28.5%) cases. In patients with clinical suspicion of acute mesenteric ischemia, videolaparoscopy is recommended as an initial diagnostic approach to evaluate the abdominal cavity. Surgical procedures were carried out at various stages of disease progression.
VALIDATING THE EFFICACY OF ULTRASOUND IN THE TREATMENT AND MONITORING OF SURGICAL PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
The article examines the role of ultrasound examination (USI) as a key method for assessing the condition of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) within the context of surgical treatment. The possibilities of ultrasound in preoperative planning are described, particularly in bariatric surgery, where the volume of the left lobe of the liver determines the technical complexity of access. Attention is paid to elastometry as a non-invasive method for assessing fibrosis, which allows for predicting the risk of intraoperative bleeding. The significance of ultrasound monitoring in the postoperative period is analyzed to assess the regression of steatosis. It was concluded that ultrasound is a necessary standard that ensures the safety of surgical intervention and the objectivation of treatment results.
LAPAROSCOPIC METHOD OF TREATMENT OF SIMULTANEOUS DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC CAVITIES WITH EXTRACTION OF THE ORGAN USING THE NOSE METHOD
To evaluate the immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with simultaneous diseases of the abdominal and pelvic organs after laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with the specimen extraction transvaginelly according to the natural orifice organs specimen extraction (NOSE) method.
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD OF INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR
The method of allohernioplasty for inguinal hernia (IH) used is aimed at minimizing the risk of developing major complications as a result of using a mesh prosthesis. The analysis of the results was carried out regarding the following complications: swelling and/or hematoma of the scrotum and in the wound area, seroma, prolonged apathy based on pain, the presence of a cremasteric reflex. The features of the early postoperative period with registration of all the above complications are considered.
SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL VIEWS ON THE HISTORY OF HYDRONYMS
This article analyzes the historical formation, scientific-theoretical interpretation, and linguistic features of hydronyms. The names of water bodies are considered one of the most ancient and stable layers of toponymy and are examined from etymological, semantic, and cultural perspectives. The formation of hydronyms based on natural-geographical factors and their reflection in folk perception are illustrated through examples. In addition, the historical development and linguistic layers of major Central Asian hydronyms such as Amudaryo, Sirdaryo, and Zarafshon are analyzed. As a result, hydronyms are substantiated as an important object of interdisciplinary research at the intersection of history, geography, ethnology, and linguistics.
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PREPARING STUDENTS FOR CLINICAL PROCESSES BASED ON EPA TECHNOLOGY
This article provides a scientific, theoretical, and methodological analysis of the pedagogical foundations for preparing students for clinical processes based on EPA (Entrustable Professional Activities) technology. The study highlights the importance of organizing clinical education on the basis of competency-based, practice-oriented, and reflective approaches. Additionally, the article expands the conceptual framework of EPA implementation by integrating workplace-based assessment tools, simulation technologies, and staged entrustment models.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF STATINS: RISK OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Statins are a group of medications prescribed to lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent cardiovascular disease. This article reviews current understanding of the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of statins. Data on the safety of therapy are presented, including the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and factors influencing its occurrence. It is emphasized that the benefits of statins outweigh the potential risks with a rational and individualized approach to treatment.
Buvayeva D.Kh.1, Kamolova F.E.1, Komilova U.M.1, Tursunov M.V.1, Rakhimova A.A.1, Ismoilova D.O.1
IMPACT OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS ON ESP LEARNERS’ MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE
The use of authentic materials has become an essential component in English for Specific Purposes (ESP), where language instruction is closely aligned with real-world professional and academic contexts. This article examines the impact of authentic materials on learners’ motivation and performance in ESP classrooms. It explores how real-life texts, such as professional documents, reports, and multimedia resources, contribute to increased engagement and improved language proficiency.
CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING ESP METHODOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
The implementation of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) methodology in higher education has gained increasing importance due to the growing demand for profession-oriented language skills. However, despite its recognized benefits, many institutions face significant challenges in effectively integrating ESP into their curricula. This article explores the major obstacles encountered in implementing ESP methodology, including issues related to teacher competence, needs analysis, material development, institutional constraints, and learner diversity.
USING THE CLIL APPROACH IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO ECONOMICS STUDENTS
The increasing demand for English proficiency among economics students has led educators to explore more effective teaching approaches. One such approach is Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), which combines subject content with language instruction. This study examines the effectiveness of the CLIL approach in teaching English to economics students. It focuses on how integrating economic content into language lessons influences students’ vocabulary acquisition, communication skills, and motivation. The study is based on qualitative classroom observations and analysis of student performance. Findings suggest that CLIL enhances both subject knowledge and language competence, while also increasing student engagement. However, challenges such as cognitive load and teacher preparation are also identified. The study concludes that CLIL is a promising approach for improving English learning outcomes in economics education when properly implemented.
DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTISM IN THE USE OF NOUN GENDER FORMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
This article is devoted to the analysis of analytical tendencies in the morphological system of the Russian language, with particular attention to the development of analytism in the use of noun gender forms. The study examines the processes of simplification of gender paradigms, the expansion of common gender nouns, semantic agreement phenomena, and the influence of social and linguistic factors on the transformation of the gender category. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of traditional synthetic forms and emerging analytical constructions in modern Russian. It has been established that the Russian language demonstrates a gradual shift towards analytism in the gender system while maintaining the core synthetic structure. The results of the research can be used in theoretical linguistics, comparative Slavic studies, and the methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language.
Khudoiberdieva Yulduz Abdumannonovna, Tillayeva Muyassar Bozorovna
ENHANCING PRODUCTIVE SKILLS IN TEACHING WRITING IN PRIMARY EDUCATION: FOREIGN EXPERIENCES
This article investigates foreign experiences in enhancing productive writing skills in primary education. It focuses on pedagogical approaches implemented in Finland, Singapore, and Canada, where writing instruction is developed through process-oriented, student-centered, and competency-based methodologies. The study analyzes how structured writing models, formative assessment, collaborative learning, and digital technologies contribute to improving learners’ writing abilities. A qualitative comparative method was used based on the analysis of academic literature, curriculum frameworks, and educational reports. The findings reveal that integrating writing across subjects, providing continuous feedback, and encouraging iterative writing processes significantly improve students’ writing performance. The study concludes that modern instructional strategies are more effective than traditional product-based approaches in developing early writing competence.
FINANCIAL STABILITY AND LIQUIDITY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND THEIR INTERCONNECTION IN MODERN BANKING SYSTEMS
This article examines the theoretical foundations of financial stability and liquidity as core categories of financial science, focusing on their conceptual distinctiveness and systemic interdependence within modern banking institutions. Financial stability is analyzed as a multidimensional construct encompassing capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings performance, and risk resilience, while liquidity is treated as the capacity of an institution to meet its financial obligations without incurring unacceptable losses. The study investigates the transmission mechanisms through which liquidity shocks propagate into systemic instability, drawing on the frameworks of Basel III, institutional risk theory, and modern financial intermediation theory. Empirical patterns from global financial crises are used to illustrate how liquidity deficits trigger solvency deterioration under stress conditions. The article further explores regulatory and macroprudential tools employed to manage the stability-liquidity nexus, including the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR). The findings suggest that sustainable financial stability cannot be achieved without embedding robust liquidity management frameworks at both the institutional and systemic levels.
APPLICATION OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES: INTERACTIVE TEACHING METHODS, ONLINE AND BLENDED LEARNING TOOLS, EFFECTIVE USE OF DIGITAL RESOURCES
Today, the application of modern pedagogical technologies has become highly important in the education system. As science and information technologies develop rapidly, new approaches are being introduced into the teaching and learning process. This requires teachers to organize lessons effectively, increase students’ interest in learning, and use innovative methods. Modern pedagogical technologies help improve the quality of education, develop students’ independent thinking skills, and ensure lesson effectiveness. Interactive teaching methods have become an essential part of today’s educational process. These methods encourage students to actively participate during lessons. For example, methods such as “Brainstorming,” “Debate,” “Cluster,” “Role Play,” and “Case Study” help students develop independent thinking, express their ideas freely, and find solutions to problematic situations. The advantage of interactive methods is that students are not passive listeners, but active participants. As a result, lessons become more interesting, effective, and meaningful. In addition, online learning tools are one of the important directions of modern education. Today, it is possible to organize distance learning through platforms such as Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, and Moodle. Online learning tools allow students to gain knowledge anytime and anywhere. Their importance increased even more during the pandemic period. Online learning saves students’ time, creates opportunities for independent learning, and ensures the continuity of the educational process. Blended learning, which is a mixed form of education, is also widely used today. This method combines traditional classroom teaching with online learning. In this system, students study some topics independently through online platforms, while practical lessons are conducted in the classroom under the guidance of a teacher. Blended learning develops students’ independent working skills and helps teachers organize lesson time more effectively. The effective use of digital resources also plays a major role in improving the quality of education. Electronic textbooks, video lessons, presentations, testing platforms, virtual laboratories, and mobile applications enrich the learning process. Such resources help students understand topics more deeply and learn in a visual way. Especially, explaining difficult topics through animations, graphics, and videos gives high results. In conclusion, the application of modern pedagogical technologies is one of the main requirements of today’s education system. Interactive methods, online and blended learning tools, and the wise use of digital resources improve students’ knowledge level, teach them independent thinking, and ensure lesson effectiveness. Therefore, every teacher should deeply study modern technologies and apply them effectively in practice.
THE ROLE OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN SHAPING FUTURE GLOBAL INTEGRATION
The digital economy has emerged as a fundamental driver of economic transformation and global integration in the modern era. Rapid advancements in digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, are reshaping production systems, business models, and cross-border interactions. This study examines the role of the digital economy in facilitating future integration processes and enhancing economic resilience. Particular attention is given to the interaction between digital transformation and international cooperation, especially in developing economies. The research highlights that digitalization not only accelerates economic growth but also creates new opportunities for innovation, efficiency, and connectivity across markets. At the same time, challenges such as digital inequality, cybersecurity risks, and regulatory gaps remain significant barriers to full integration. The findings suggest that effective digital strategies and institutional support are essential for achieving sustainable integration in the global digital economy.
ONLINE FINANCIAL EDUCATION AND ITS IMPACT ON FINANCIAL LITERACY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
This article examines the growing role of online financial education in improving financial literacy among students, young professionals, and the general population. In recent years, digital technologies have significantly transformed the educational process, making learning more accessible and flexible. The study focuses on the main opportunities provided by online learning, such as accessibility, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. At the same time, it highlights several important challenges, including the lack of practical experience, low student motivation, and technical limitations. The article also analyzes how online education influences the development of essential financial skills such as budgeting, saving, and investment planning. It is argued that while online financial education has great potential, its effectiveness depends on the quality of content, teaching methods, and learner engagement. The study concludes that combining online tools with practical and interactive approaches can significantly improve learning outcomes.
INTEGRATED METHODS IN ESL TEACHING IN MULTILEVEL GROUPS
This study investigates the effectiveness of integrated teaching methods in English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms with multilevel learners. Such classrooms include students with diverse proficiency levels, learning needs, and educational backgrounds, which often limits the effectiveness of single-method instruction. To address this issue, the study applies an integrated pedagogical approach combining communicative language teaching, task-based learning, differentiated instruction, and collaborative learning. A qualitative case study was conducted over a 12-week period with 20 adult learners representing beginner to upper-intermediate levels. Data were collected through classroom observations, student questionnaires, interviews, and teacher reflective journals, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that integrated teaching methods significantly enhance student engagement, promote peer-assisted learning, and improve communicative competence. Lower-level learners demonstrated increased confidence and reduced language anxiety, while higher-level learners benefited from cognitively challenging tasks.
CYBERBEHAVIOR CULTURE: ESSENCE, STRUCTURE AND SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL FEATURES
This article analyzes the essence of cyberbehavior culture, its structural structure and socio-philosophical features. In the conditions of a digital society, a person’s adherence to moral norms in the virtual space, responsibility, culture of information use and adherence to cyberethical values ​​are highlighted as an important structural element of cyberbehavior culture. It also reveals the inextricable link of this concept with social relations, information security and personal spirituality, and substantiates its philosophical significance in the development of modern society.
ARTISTIC CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPING SCHOOLCHILDREN’S CRITICAL THINKING (BASED ON THE WORKS OF NIKOLAI GOGOL AND WESTERN EUROPEAN NOVELS)
This article examines the artistic concept of personality as an effective pedagogical tool for developing critical thinking among school students. Based on the analysis of literary works by Nikolai Gogol and Western European novelists, the study explores how literary characters embody social, moral, and psychological contradictions that stimulate analytical reasoning. The research relies on established literary criticism and pedagogical theories to demonstrate that engagement with complex fictional personalities enhances students’ ability to interpret, evaluate, and reflect critically.
Orolova Ugilshod Sherpulat qizi,Bozorov Pulat Farhod o’g’li
THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC STRESS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND METHODS FOR ITS PREVENTION
This study analyzes the impact of chronic stress on human homeostasis, specifically focusing on hormonal dysregulation, molecular aging, and systemic inflammation. By examining the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroplasticity, the research highlights the vulnerability of students and the general population to chronic conditions. The study further identifies evidence-based resilience strategies, including vagus nerve stimulation and kognitive appraisal, to mitigate these risks.
IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE DIETARY PATTERNS OF THE POPULATION
Economic conditions are among the most important determinants of population nutrition, because food choice is shaped not only by medical knowledge or personal preference, but also by purchasing power, food prices, employment stability, market access, and social protection. The purpose of this article is to analyze how economic factors influence the dietary patterns of the population and to explain the mechanisms through which income, inflation, food affordability, and household budget constraints affect diet quality. The study was conducted as a narrative analytical review based on international reports, peer-reviewed scientific literature, and public health recommendations. The findings show that low income and high food prices usually lead households to reduce dietary diversity and replace nutrient-rich products such as meat, fish, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables with cheaper staple foods. This coping strategy may preserve daily energy intake in the short term, but it increases the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, excessive consumption of refined carbohydrates, and diet-related chronic diseases in the long term. Economic vulnerability affects children, pregnant women, elderly people, unemployed households, and rural families more severely, because their food budgets are more limited and more sensitive to price changes. The article concludes that improvement of population nutrition requires coordinated policies that combine income support, food price monitoring, subsidies for healthy foods, school nutrition programs, nutrition education, and regulation of unhealthy food environments. Economic development alone is not sufficient unless it is accompanied by measures that make healthy diets affordable, available, and socially acceptable for all groups of the population.
MEANING CONSTRUCTION THROUGH CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN ENGLISH: CONCEPTUAL BLENDING THEORY
This article applies conceptual blending theory to the analysis of conditional sentences in English, arguing that the cognitive complexity of conditional meaning construction can be best explained by the framework of mental space integration developed by Fauconnier and Turner. The study analyzes zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditionals, as well as pragmatic conditionals, demonstrating how each type involves a distinct configuration of input spaces and produces characteristic emergent meaning in the blended space.
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PLANNING OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TERRITORIES IN URBAN SYSTEMS: THE CASE OF THE KHOREZM REGION
The integration of agro-industrial territories into urban systems represents a critical dimension of contemporary spatial planning, particularly in regions with strong agricultural economies. This study proposes a conceptual framework for the planning of agro-industrial territories within urban systems, using the Khorezm region as a case study. The research aims to identify spatial, functional, and infrastructural principles that ensure the efficient organization of agro-industrial zones while supporting sustainable urban development. A qualitative methodology is employed, combining theoretical analysis, literature review, and regional spatial assessment. The findings highlight the importance of functional zoning, transport connectivity, cluster-based organization, and environmental considerations in structuring agro-industrial territories. The proposed framework contributes to bridging the gap between agricultural production and urban planning, offering practical implications for regional development strategies in post-Soviet contexts.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE DAILY ROUTINE OF FEMALE TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES
This article describes the daily routine of female track and field athletes, including training sessions, rational nutrition, rest schedule, and sleep regimen, as well as sanitary and hygienic rules. It emphasizes the importance of following these elements according to a well-structured plan. The purpose and significance of a properly organized daily routine are discussed, along with the factors that should be considered when designing it. The article also highlights the beneficial aspects of such a routine for female athletes. Furthermore, it explains that failure to follow a proper daily regimen may disrupt normal physiological processes in the body, which can negatively affect both health status and sports performance.
THE ROLE OF ADAPTIVE LEARNING IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article examines adaptive learning. It defines and explains the reasons for adapting learning to the student. It also describes in detail the use of adaptive learning in the educational system, its implementation, and the results.
BIOREMEDIATION: BIOLOGICAL BASIS AND PROSPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CLEANING USING MICROORGANISMS
This in the article ecological problems solution in the process of biological methods , in particular , bioremediation technology role analysis The research is being conducted main target - contaminated soil and water basins in cleaning microorganisms ( bacteria and fungi ) destructive activity study and this of the process mechanisms from lighting consists of . The article oil hydrocarbons and heavy​ metals with polluted regions again in recovery Pseudomonas , Bacillus and Aspergillus generation representatives efficiency seeing Also , in - situ and ex situ methods comparative analysis and the process accelerator biostimulation and bioaugmentation factors statement done.
Anvarova Guloro Babur kizi,Tojibaeva Nozima Sadulla kizi,Ravshanova Justice Ravshan kizi
BIODIVERSITY IN A GLANCE: THE THREAT OF LOSING UZBEKISTAN'S FLORA AND FAUNA: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
This article highlights the processes of biodiversity loss observed in Uzbekistan, the main factors leading to the loss of flora and fauna species. It is noted that processes such as population growth, land reduction, climate change, poaching and industrialization are exerting strong pressure on ecosystems. It also analyzes current measures to preserve endangered species, the role of reserves and national parks, and the need to strengthen environmental legislation. The article aims to identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation in Uzbekistan .
Ikromova Nodira Alisher kizi,Ahmedjonova Mukhlisa Otabek kizi,Ravshanova Adolat Ravshan kizi
INFECTION OF PLANTS WITH BULGING NEMATODES
Pathological changes are observed mainly in the root part of cotton infected with bulging nematodes. As a result of the development of larval nematode larvae and the formation of giant cells, the function of the conductive tissue in the plant root is impaired. As a result, moisture and nutrients are spent on the larvae of bulging nematodes. As a result, crop yields are sharply reduced.
ARTICLE 24 AS A NORMATIVE PLACEHOLDER: THE CASE FOR STATUTORY REGULATION OF THE ESCROW MECHANISM IN THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Electronic Commerce” of 29 September 2022 No ЗРУ – 792 contains, in Article 24, an isolated reference to a “system of deposit of monetary funds” as a permissible mechanism of settlement in electronic commerce. The provision, however, is essentially a heading without substantive content: it does not specify the contractual structure of the deposit relation, the rights and obligations of its parties, the legal status of the depositary, or the conditions for the release of the funds. The present article examines this normative gap through a comparative reading against articles 860.7 to 860.10 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and Articles 53 and 58 of the E – Commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China, identifies the doctrinal reasons for which the introduction of an escrow mechanism is both feasible and necessary in the conditions of contemporary Uzbek civil law, and formulates concrete proposals de lege ferenda for its statutory implementation. The author argues that the escrow construction, properly elaborated, would neutralise the temporal asymmetry between payment and performance that lies at the structural root of consumer-protection failures in online transactions.
FEATURES OF THE USE OF FIXED COLLOCATIONS IN THE WORKS OF CHINGIZ AITMATOV (BASED ON RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES)
This article is devoted to the analysis of fixed collocations (phraseological units, stable word combinations, and idiomatic expressions) in the literary works of Chingiz Aitmatov, with particular attention to their rendering in Russian and Uzbek translations. The study examines the stylistic functions of fixed collocations, their role in creating national colour and artistic imagery, as well as the specific features of their translation from the original Kyrgyz context into Russian and Uzbek. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of translation strategies employed for culturally bound phraseological units. It has been established that Aitmatov's fixed collocations serve as an important means of expressing the national identity of Kyrgyz culture while simultaneously possessing universal humanistic content. The results of the research can be used in translation studies, comparative linguistics, and the methodology of teaching literary translation.
TRANSLATIONAL CHALLENGES OF BEHAVIORAL VERBS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK:A STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC PERSPECTIVE
This article examines the translational challenges of behavioral verbs in English and Uzbek from a structural-semantic perspective. Behavioral verbs, which reflect human actions, emotions, and psychological states, often carry nuanced meanings shaped by linguistic structure and cultural context. The study aims to identify key differences in the morphological, syntactic, and semantic features of such verbs in both languages and to analyze how these differences affect translation accuracy and equivalence. Using a comparative and descriptive methodology, the research explores various categories of behavioral verbs, including those expressing emotions, mental states, and social interactions. The findings reveal that discrepancies in verb formation, aspectual systems, and contextual usage frequently lead to partial or non-equivalent translations. Additionally, cultural-specific connotations embedded in behavioral verbs pose significant challenges for translators. The study highlights the importance of adopting context-sensitive strategies and pragmatic awareness to ensure effective translation. It concludes that a deeper understanding of structural and semantic properties can significantly enhance the quality of translation between English and Uzbek.
AUTOMATION OF ACCOUNTING USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THE PROSPECTS FOR ‘ROBOTISED’ ACCOUNTANTS
Historically, the banking sector has been an environment in which automation delivers the greatest returns: transaction volumes are enormous, regulatory requirements are numerous, and the cost of error—both reputational and financial—is high. The question facing bank accountants today is not ‘can AI do their job’, but ‘which part of it has it already taken over’. This article explores the mechanisms for implementing artificial intelligence tools into the accounting systems of commercial banks: from robotic process automation (RPA) to machine learning for fraud detection and risk forecasting. It examines the prospects for the development of the so-called ‘robotic accountant’ — an integrated AI agent capable of recording transactions in real time with minimal human intervention. Particular attention is paid to the context of the Republic of Uzbekistan, where banking digitalisation is combined with active state regulatory initiatives in the field of artificial intelligence. A fundamental conclusion is drawn: the complete replacement of an accounting specialist in a bank is impossible without rethinking the very nature of the profession, and not just its tools.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM AND HYPERTHYROIDISM IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are among the most common endocrine disorders associated with thyroid gland dysfunction and are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Effective management of these conditions requires accurate diagnosis, individualized treatment strategies, and long-term follow-up. Subclinical hypothyroidism carries a risk of progression to overt disease over time, while hyperthyroidism, especially in elderly patients, may be complicated by cardiac arrhythmias and decreased bone density. Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism, and its dosage is determined individually based on laboratory parameters. The management of hyperthyroidism depends on the etiology and the patient’s general condition and may include pharmacological therapy, radioactive iodine treatment, or surgical intervention. This article analyzes the importance of a patient-centered approach, individualized therapy, and monitoring in the management of thyroid diseases based on modern scientific sources.
ISSUES OF PRESERVING UZBEK NATIONAL REALIA IN THEIR ORIGINAL FORM WHEN TRANSFERRING INTO FOREIGN LANGUAGES
This article examines the theoretical foundations of national-cultural vocabulary, national realia, and exoticisms. It also analyzes the problems arising in the process of transferring Uzbek non-equivalent lexical units into foreign languages, particularly issues related to transliteration, phonetic adaptation, and cultural loss. The findings of the study demonstrate the necessity of preserving national realia in forms as close as possible to the original.
ORGANIZING ONLINE KOREAN LANGUAGE CLASSES BASED ON THE COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
This article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of organizing online Korean language classes based on the communicative approach. The study analyzes how communicative language teaching (CLT) principles can be adapted to digital environments, particularly in teaching Korean as a foreign language. The research examines instructional strategies, technological tools, learner interaction, and effectiveness in developing communicative competence. Findings indicate that integrating synchronous and asynchronous communication, task-based learning, and interactive digital tools significantly enhances language acquisition outcomes.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF ADOLESCENTS WITH DISABILITIES ON COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the impact of the socio-psychological adaptation process of adolescents with disabilities on their cognitive development. Adolescence is considered a crucial stage in the formation of personality, entry into the system of social relations, and self-awareness. During this period, the adaptation of adolescents with disabilities to society directly affects their intellectual, emotional, and social development indicators. The article highlights psychological support systems, inclusive educational environments, methods that stimulate cognitive development, and the results of practical research. Based on empirical experience, findings are presented that demonstrate the positive influence of socio-psychological adaptation on cognitive processes.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVING NEW APPROACHES IN RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX IN CHILDREN
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations for improving radiological diagnostic approaches to vesicoureteral reflux in children. The aim is to enhance diagnostic accuracy through integration of conventional and innovative imaging techniques. The study employed radiographic contrast studies, ultrasound, radionuclide imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging. The findings demonstrate that low-dose protocols and contrast-free imaging significantly reduce radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic precision. A multimodal diagnostic approach is proposed for early detection of the disease.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF COLOR THEORY IN MINIATURE AND GRAPHIC ART
This work scientifically examines the role and significance of color theory in miniature and graphic arts. It analyzes the role of color in shaping artistic expression, composition, and aesthetic impact. In addition, the study considers the harmony between color and line, as well as the psychological and semantic properties of colors. As a result, it is demonstrated that color theory is one of the key theoretical foundations of visual art.
MORPHOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: AN ANATOMICAL PERSPECTIVE
Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial condition characterized by a cluster of metabolic abnormalities, including insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all of which significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to analyze morphological predictors of vascular complications in patients with metabolic syndrome from an anatomical and histopathological perspective. Special attention is given to structural alterations in blood vessels, including endothelial dysfunction, intimal thickening, and vascular remodeling. The study integrates current anatomical knowledge with clinical and experimental findings to identify key predictors of vascular damage. Understanding these morphological changes is essential for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and the development of preventive strategies in modern medicine.
Fayzullayev Farrux Murodullo ugli,Abdusamadov Mukhammad Abdimurod ugli,Tursunov kho'janbek Chori ugli,Eshqovulov Og‘abek Khusan ugli , Begimova Mehriniso Mengli kizi
TEACHER PERSONALITY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS, STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND PATHWAYS FOR DEVELOPMENT
This article examines the theoretical foundations of teacher personality, its structural components, developmental factors, and significance in the modern educational system based on a comprehensive analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature. Psychological, pedagogical, and social factors influencing the formation of teacher personality have been identified. The research findings contribute to determining effective pathways for developing teacher personality.
LIBRARIES IN THE STATES OF THE SHAYBANIDS AND ASHTARKHANIDS
This article, based on scientific sources, covers the formation of library culture in Mawarannahr and Khorasan during the Shaybanid (1500-1599) and Ashtarkhanid (1599-1756) periods, the activities of palace libraries, book traditions, and the development of calligraphy and miniature schools. The article extensively analyzes the influence of political stability during the period of these two dynasties on the development of science and literature, the structure of libraries, the activities of their main officials - librarians, muqaddams, and munshi, as well as the role of libraries in the cultural life of that period.
HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF NIGHT SHIFTS AND CIRCADIAN DISRUPTION ON COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS
Medical students, particularly those in their clinical years who balance academic duties with night shifts in healthcare facilities, are highly susceptible to circadian rhythm disruption. This study presents a hygienic and psychophysiological assessment of the impact of night-shift work on the cognitive performance, sleep quality, and autonomic nervous system status of medical students. Using chronobiological, psychophysiological testing, and statistical modeling, we evaluated the health risks associated with sleep deprivation in this cohort. The findings indicate a significant decline in attention stability, short-term memory, and sensorimotor reaction speed following night shifts, accompanied by autonomic imbalance. A modernized preventive framework, including chronohygienic education, optimized shift scheduling, and psychological relief protocols, is proposed to safeguard student-clinicians' health and clinical safety.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR APPLYING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BASED ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION SOLUTIONS
This article examines the development of a methodology for applying digital technologies in supply chain management based on information and communication solutions. The study focuses on the integration of digital platforms, data exchange systems, cloud technologies, enterprise resource planning tools, and communication networks into supply chain processes in order to improve coordination, transparency, responsiveness, and operational efficiency. Particular attention is paid to the methodological principles that support the digital transformation of procurement, inventory control, transportation, warehousing, and distribution activities. The article analyzes the role of information and communication solutions in real-time monitoring, decision-making, risk reduction, and optimization of supply chain performance. It is argued that a systematic methodology for digital implementation enables organizations to increase adaptability, reduce transaction costs, strengthen collaboration among supply chain participants, and improve service quality. The study also considers challenges related to technological integration, cybersecurity, data standardization, and organizational readiness. The findings demonstrate that the effective use of digital technologies in supply chain management requires not only technical modernization but also process reengineering and strategic alignment. The article contributes to the understanding of digital supply chain transformation and offers practical recommendations for designing information-driven and communication-oriented management models.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PATHOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF AGE, GENDER AND OTHER RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEPHROPATHIES IN PATIENTS WITH OBESITY AND BRONCHIAL ASTHMA COMORBIDITY
Obesity and bronchial asthma are common chronic diseases in modern medicine, which often occur as comorbidities. These pathologies negatively affect various organ systems, including the kidneys, through metabolic, immunological and inflammatory processes. Recent epidemiological studies show that patients with a combination of bronchial asthma and obesity have a high risk of developing chronic kidney disease and nephropathies [2,5]. This article analyzes the pathogenetic significance of age, gender and other risk factors in the development of nephropathies in patients with comorbidities of obesity and bronchial asthma.
INFLATION PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS FOR ITS REGULATION
The article analyzes the essence, types and factors shaping inflation processes from the perspective of modern macroeconomic theory. The dynamics of the inflation rate in 2017–2025 on the example of the Republic of Uzbekistan is studied based on statistical data. The effectiveness of monetary policy instruments used by the Central Bank (key rate, open market operations, reserve requirement, currency interventions) in regulating inflation is assessed. According to the results of the study, the need to implement structural reforms affecting supply-side factors along with monetary policy is justified in order to reduce inflation to the target level of 5 percent.
This systematic review synthesizes peer-reviewed and policy literature (2025–2026) on drone-based last-mile delivery, emphasizing economic viability, life-cycle environmental impacts, and regulatory constraints. A structured search across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect and selected policy portals yielded 32 studies for in-depth analysis. Results show that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide meaningful operational advantages — notably delivery speed and reach for lightweight and urgent shipments — while environmental benefits are conditional on operational context and energy sources. Techno-economic studies indicate drones are financially attractive in niche applications (medical, emergency, remote delivery), but high capital expenditures, infrastructure needs, and regulatory fragmentation limit scale-up. The review concludes with concrete policy and business recommendations and highlights priority research directions, including integrated LCA–TEA–network modeling and large-scale real-world pilots.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CONVERGENCE FOR OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS IN NEURAL NETWORK TRAINING.
This paper presents a rigorous mathematical analysis of the convergence properties of key optimization algorithms used in neural network training. The study investigates the dynamics of Gradient Descent (GD), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), and Adam within non-convex loss landscapes. The analysis reveals that stochastic methods possess a distinct advantage in escaping saddle points via gradient noise, while adaptive methods significantly accelerate the convergence rate through coordinate-wise normalization. The results provide a theoretical foundation for the trade-off between optimization speed and the generalization capability of deep learning models.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS AND THE ROLE OF PARLIAMENT.
This scientific article provides a comparative-legal analysis of the importance of the regulatory impact assessment (RIA) institute in implementing legislative reforms and the role of parliament in this process. The article highlights the mechanisms of parliamentary oversight, the procedure for conducting RIA of draft laws, independent expert institutions and public participation based on the experience of the United Kingdom, Germany, South Korea and the European Union. Specifically, the Regulatory Policy Committee (RPC) and parliamentary oversight of RIA quality in the UK, the Bundestag's sustainability impact assessment rules in Germany, the activities of the Regulatory Reform Committee (RRC) in South Korea, and the role of the European Parliament's Impact Assessment Directorate in the European Union are analyzed. The current state of the regulatory impact assessment system in the Republic of Uzbekistan will also be reviewed, and scientific and practical proposals will be put forward to strengthen the role of parliament (the Oliy Majlis). These proposals are aimed at conducting RIA of draft laws at the parliamentary stage, introducing an independent evaluation mechanism, and adapting international experience to national conditions.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN THE WORKS OF MUQIMIY AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC THOUGHT
This article examines the socio-economic problems reflected in Muqimiy’s works and their interrelation with contemporary economic thought. The poet’s works systematically depict poverty, abuse by officials, social stratification, and economic pressures, whose motifs are closely aligned with 21st-century economic theories. The research methodology combines theoretical-analytical, historical-literary, and comparative approaches, enabling a rigorous scientific and economic analysis of the thematic content of his works.
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES AND PROSPECTS
The article analyzes modern development paths of international educational cooperation, its impact on the education system, its role in integrating young people into the global knowledge space, and its importance in developing scientific cooperation. International programs, grants, and joint projects provide opportunities for students and teachers to enhance their skills. Language, cultural, financial, and legal challenges are also discussed.
REGIONAL FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE EXTERNAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AMONG ADOLESCENTS FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS OF UZBEKISTAN
This study examines the functional state of the external respiratory system in adolescents living in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, Bukhara region, and Tashkent region. The study involved 126 adolescents aged 15–17 years. Lung vital capacity, respiratory rate, breath-holding indices, and selected cardiovascular functional parameters were assessed. A comparative analysis was conducted among participants living under different climatic and environmental conditions.
CLINICAL-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND ADVANCED SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA) IN PRETERM AND FULL-TERM NEONATES
Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common cardiovascular condition in neonates, particularly in preterm infants, where it is associated with significant hemodynamic instability and increased risk of morbidity. Despite advances in neonatal care, optimal management strategies remain controversial. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, molecular mechanisms, and treatment outcomes of PDA in preterm and full-term neonates, with particular emphasis on pharmacological therapy and transcatheter closure using the Amplatzer Piccolo occluder. Methods: A combined retrospective and prospective clinical study was conducted between 2014 and 2024 in specialized cardiology centers in Uzbekistan. A total of 120 neonates diagnosed with PDA were included and divided into preterm (n=80) and full-term (n=40) groups. Clinical, echocardiographic, and laboratory parameters—including left atrium-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) and NT-proBNP levels—were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with significance defined as p < 0.05. Results: Hemodynamically significant PDA was significantly more prevalent in preterm neonates compared to full-term infants (65% vs 15%, p < 0.01). Pharmacological treatment demonstrated comparable efficacy between ibuprofen (78%) and paracetamol (75%). NT-proBNP levels decreased significantly following successful closure (14,200 ± 2,100 pg/ml vs 3,800 ± 950 pg/ml, p < 0.001), confirming its role as a predictive biomarker. Transcatheter closure using the Amplatzer Piccolo occluder achieved a high success rate with minimal complications and resulted in a 30–40% reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure within 24 hours. Conclusion: PDA represents distinct pathophysiological entities in preterm and full-term neonates. Individualized management based on hemodynamic assessment and biomarker monitoring significantly improves clinical outcomes. Minimally invasive transcatheter interventions, particularly the Piccolo occluder, offer a safe and highly effective alternative to surgical ligation, especially in low birth weight infants.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN MOVAROUNNAHR IN THE 20S-80S OF THE 13TH CENTURY AFTER THE MONGOL INVASION
In this article, I have discussed the Mongol rule and their foreign policy in the territory of Movarounnahr between the 20s and 80s of the 13th century. After the Mongol invasion, many cities were turned into ruins. Half of the population was exterminated by the Mongols, while another part died of starvation. The territories of Movarounnahr were left in ruins. Later, reconstruction work began during the period of the Mongol khans and was completed during the Timurid era.
LABOR PROTECTION PROBLEMS IN LIGHT INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES AND METHODS OF ELIMINATING THEM
This article analyzes the current state of the occupational safety system in light industry enterprises of Uzbekistan, the main problems in this field, and effective methods for their elimination. The study examines factors negatively affecting occupational safety in light industry enterprises, including the technical obsolescence of production equipment, insufficient ventilation systems, lack of knowledge and skills of employees in occupational safety, low culture of using personal protective equipment, and incomplete compliance with ergonomic requirements. Based on statistical data related to occupational safety in Uzbekistan, the number of industrial accidents and their causes were analyzed. According to the results of the study, it is substantiated that improving occupational safety in light industry enterprises requires the introduction of modern technologies, the organization of regular safety training sessions, the formation of a management system based on international standards, and the use of digital monitoring tools. The proposals developed in the article contribute to creating safe working conditions in light industry enterprises, reducing occupational diseases and accidents, as well as increasing the production efficiency of enterprises.
TYPES OF PLOT AND COMBINATIONS OF THE JOURNEY MOTIF
This article briefly analyzes the relationship between the journey motif and plot types in Uzbek magic tales. Based on the ATU and KRJ classification systems, quest-related motifs—such as the search for miraculous or healing objects—are examined as key drivers of narrative development and hero action.
INDIVIDUAL ORAL HYGIENE METHODS FOR THE PREVENTION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
The active development of dental services in Uzbekistan for countless years has been focused on technical improvements and the introduction of scientific ideas into everyday medical practice. However, these fundamental issues in dentistry, such as oral hygiene and prevention, were addressed abruptly, without the use of any special developments or comprehensive programs. Perhaps the "scientific nature" of one of the most important areas of dentistry was partially rooted in the thesis of the need for systematic preventive examinations [3, 4, 10]. A program for the prevention of oral diseases as a key task in the work of a dentist has long been unimplemented. How can oral care be transformed into a culturally meaningful practice for every resident of Uzbekistan? How can preventive measures be implemented as a daily habit? How can we instill in children and adults a sustainable ability to use these tools? How can we develop a desire for ongoing communication with a specialist? These questions remained unresolved. It's not easy to change long-held beliefs, eradicate fears from youth, and foster a new mindset! As a result, in real time, most patients seeking dental care typically suffer from various forms of periodontal disease.
PREVENTION OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
This article presents basic information about periodontal diseases, the etiopathogenetic factors that determine their occurrence and development, their links with somatic diseases, and outlines the main prevention strategies, methods, and means.
This article examines the theoretical foundations of paremiology and outlines the principal scientific directions in proverb studies. It traces the development of paremiology from folkloristic frameworks to modern cognitive and discourse-oriented studies. Proverbs are characterized as linguacultural units that are stable, concise, rhythmically structured, and convey layered and metaphorical meanings. The findings highlight the necessity of analyzing proverbs not solely as components of folklore but as complex communicative units that carry significant cultural implications.
PEDAGOGICAL NEED AND PROSPECTS FOR USING MULTIMEDIA EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
This article analyzes the pedagogical necessity and prospects of using multimedia educational technologies in the process of professional education. Multimedia technologies provide clarity, interactivity and an individual approach in the educational process, serve to increase the effectiveness of student learning. The article examines the advantages, areas of application and positive impact of multimedia technologies on the educational process. Recommendations for a wider implementation of multimedia technologies were also developed, including specific areas of infrastructure development, teacher retraining, and the integration of innovative technologies into the educational process.
FROM ANXIETY TO EXPRESSION: CHALLENGES FACED BY BEAP (BASICS OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES) STUDENTS IN THE IGCSE (INTERNATIONAL GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION) SPEAKING EXAM AT WESTMINSTER PRE-FOUNDATION COURSES
Speaking assessments, such as the IGCSE oral exam, pose notable challenges for learners in the Basics of English for Academic Purposes (BEAP) course, particularly when students must transition quickly to effective spoken communication. This study investigates the factors contributing to anxiety and limited performance among BEAP students at Westminster Pre-Foundation Courses. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through students’ speaking performance recordings and classroom observations. The findings reveal that speaking anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and lack of spontaneous speaking practice are key barriers affecting student performance. Additionally, time pressure and unfamiliar exam formats further intensify these challenges. The study also identifies that structured speaking activities, peer collaboration, and continuous formative feedback can significantly enhance students’ confidence and fluency. Overall, the research emphasises the importance of addressing emotional states of students and their effect on their performance and suggests pedagogical adjustments within BEAP programmes to better support learners’ transition from anxiety to confident expression.
Sabina Khadjikhanova, Nilufar Muxtorova-Haitova
LINGVOPRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES IN TOURISM DISCOURSE
This annotation addresses the linguistic and pragmatic analysis of communicative strategies employed in tourism discourse. It explores how language functions not only as a means of information exchange but also as a persuasive tool aimed at influencing tourists’ perceptions, decisions, and behavior. The study focuses on identifying key communicative strategies such as attraction, persuasion, politeness, and cultural adaptation, and examines how these are realized through specific linguistic choices in English-language tourism texts. Particular attention is given to the role of pragmatic factors, including context, speaker intention, and audience expectations, in shaping effective communication within tourism settings. The analysis also considers how discourse varies across different genres, such as brochures, websites, and promotional materials, highlighting the interplay between language, culture, and marketing objectives. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how tourism discourse constructs appealing destination images and fosters intercultural communication. This research is relevant for linguists, translators, and tourism professionals seeking to enhance the effectiveness of communication in a globalized tourism industry.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF TOURISM ADVERTISING TEXTS
This study examines the lexical and semantic features of tourism advertising texts in the English language. Tourism discourse is characterized by its persuasive and promotional nature, where language is used not only to inform but also to attract and influence potential tourists. The research focuses on identifying the most frequently used lexical units, including evaluative adjectives, emotionally charged vocabulary, and superlative forms that help create a positive image of tourist destinations. It also analyzes semantic patterns such as metaphor, imagery, and connotation, which contribute to the expressive and persuasive power of tourism advertisements. The findings show that tourism advertising texts rely heavily on positive evaluation and emotional appeal to shape readers’ perceptions and encourage travel decisions. The study highlights the importance of lexical choice and semantic organization in constructing effective and attractive tourism messages. This research is relevant for linguists, translators, and professionals in tourism marketing, as it provides insight into how language is used to achieve promotional goals in global tourism communication.
THE ROLE OF INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS' PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES IN HIGHER EDUCATION.
This research article explores the importance of innovative educational technologies in developing professional teaching skills in higher education institutions. The study focuses on the impact of digital learning environments, interactive teaching methods, and distance and blended learning models on the effectiveness of instructional practice. The findings demonstrate that the implementation of innovative approaches enhances teachers’ professional competencies, improves the quality of higher education, and supports the development of students’ independent and creative thinking abilities.
ANALYSIS OF HEIGHT AND WEIGHT GROWTH DYNAMICS IN CHILDREN WITH CONSTIPATION.
Chronic constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in childhood and may negatively affect not only intestinal function but also overall physical development. The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate height and weight growth dynamics in children with constipation and to determine deviations from age-related anthropometric standards[1,2,3]. The study was conducted in Fergana between 2019 and 2023 and included 102 children aged 1–18 years with chronic constipation. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory assessments were performed, and the obtained indicators were compared with WHO growth standards using the Z-score system. Dynamic follow-up over a three-year period demonstrated that children with constipation had significantly lower height and weight indicators compared with normative values, particularly in severe and long-standing cases[4,5,6]. Additional findings included decreased appetite, abdominal discomfort, and micronutrient deficiencies, especially iron and zinc deficiency. The results suggest that chronic constipation contributes to impaired physical development through complex interactions involving intestinal microbiota imbalance, reduced nutrient absorption, metabolic disturbances, hormonal dysregulation, and psychoemotional factors mediated by the gut–brain axis[7,8,9].
THE IMPACT OF ORAL HYGIENE ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT.
This study evaluated the effect of structured oral hygiene management on outcomes of orthodontic treatment. In a prospective design, 120 patients (12–18 years) were divided into an intervention group (n=60) and a control group (n=60). The intervention included comprehensive mechanical and chemical plaque control with continuous education, while the control group followed standard recommendations[1,2,3]. Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), OHI-S, and white spot lesions were assessed over time. The intervention group showed significant improvement: PI decreased by 40% and GI by 35% (p<0.05), with a twofold reduction in demineralization and caries risk compared to controls. Results confirm that orthodontic appliances increase biofilm accumulation, while targeted hygiene effectively reduces plaque, enhances remineralization, and improves periodontal health[4,5,6].
HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR CHANGES IN OVARIAN TISSUE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME-LIKE DISORDERS.
This study investigated histomorphological and molecular alterations in ovarian tissue using a letrozole-induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Forty immature female Wistar rats were randomized into control (n=20) and PCOS (n=20) groups. The model was induced with oral letrozole (1 mg/kg) for 21 days and validated by estrous cycle disruption, hormonal changes, and ovarian morphology. Results showed disrupted folliculogenesis with reduced preantral/antral follicles and increased atresia, stromal hyperplasia, fibrosis, and disorganized angiogenesis[1,2]. Decreased Ki-67 and increased Caspase-3 indicated impaired proliferation with enhanced apoptosis. Elevated TNF-α and IL-6 reflected chronic inflammation. Molecularly, CYP17A1 was upregulated, CYP19A1 downregulated, AMH increased, and PI3K/Akt signaling was impaired; oxidative stress (ROS, MDA) was elevated with weakened antioxidant defense. In conclusion, PCOS-like conditions produce integrated morphological, cellular, and molecular disturbances that arrest follicular development and sustain anovulation. These findings support multi-target therapeutic strategies addressing insulin signaling, inflammation, oxidative stress, and steroidogenesis[3,4,5].