MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC HYPHATES OF THE AISIMON GLAND IN ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKOCYTES

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a hematological malignancy characterized by the proliferation of immature lymphoid cells, significantly impacts lymphoid organs, including the thymus gland, which is critical for T-cell maturation. This article investigates the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the thymus gland in pediatric patients with ALL, focusing on histopathological changes, glandular size alterations, and their correlation with disease severity. The study analyzes autopsy and biopsy samples from 100 pediatric ALL patients, identifying thymic atrophy in 85%, cortical lymphoid depletion in 70%, and increased stromal fibrosis in 40%. Globally, ALL affects 3–5 per 100,000 children annually, with thymic involvement noted in 60% of cases at diagnosis. Risk factors, including high-risk cytogenetics (e.g., Philadelphia chromosome, OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6–4.9) and elevated white blood cell count (>50,000/μL, OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.8–5.3), were present in 75% of cases. This study aims to enhance understanding of thymic changes in ALL, inform diagnostic imaging, and guide therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in pediatric oncology.