EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, AND MODERN TREATMENT STRATEGIES OF RENAL CALCULI. AN ANALYSIS OF THE UZBEKISTAN MEDICAL EXPERIENCE

Abstract

This comprehensive research study is dedicated to investigating the etiology, developmental mechanisms, and contemporary treatment modalities of nephrolithiasis (kidney stone disease), one of the most pressing issues in modern urology. The study highlights the decisive role of Uzbekistan's unique sharply continental climate, high levels of solar insolation, and the mineralization degree of drinking water in the process of stone formation (lithogenesis), supported by statistical and analytical data. The correlation between metabolic disorders, alimentary (dietary) factors, and genetic predisposition in the formation of calcium oxalate, urate, and phosphate stones is examined. In the diagnostic phase, the efficacy of modern Multi-Spiral Computed Tomography (MSCT) is comparatively analyzed against ultrasonography. Regarding treatment strategies, the advantages of transitioning from open surgical procedures to minimally invasive endourological methods—such as Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS)—are substantiated through clinical outcomes. The study concludes with the development of practical recommendations for metaphylaxis (preventative aftercare) aimed at reducing disease recurrence.