APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS: DIFFERENCES, MECHANISMS, AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN MEDICINE
Keywords:
Apoptosis; Necrosis; Cell death; Programmed cell death; Inflammation; Molecular mechanisms; Clinical significanceAbstract
Cell death is a fundamental biological process essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and normal physiological function. Among the various forms of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis represent two major mechanisms with distinct biological characteristics and clinical implications. Apoptosis is a genetically programmed, energy-dependent process that enables the orderly elimination of damaged or unnecessary cells without inducing inflammation, whereas necrosis is an uncontrolled and pathological form of cell death resulting from severe cellular injury and accompanied by inflammatory responses.
The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the morphological, molecular, and functional differences between apoptosis and necrosis, as well as their significance in medical practice. A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted to evaluate regulatory pathways, cellular alterations, diagnostic approaches, and clinical relevance associated with both forms of cell death. Comparative assessment revealed substantial differences in membrane integrity, energy dependence, inflammatory involvement, and biological outcomes.
The findings emphasize the importance of accurately distinguishing between apoptotic and necrotic processes in diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic decision-making. Improved understanding of cell death mechanisms contributes to the development of targeted treatment strategies in oncology, neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Overall, the study highlights the critical role of regulated and pathological cell death in hea lth and disease, underscoring their relevance in modern molecular and clinical medicine.
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